《自然》發(fā)布2018年度十大科學(xué)人物:中國天才少年曹原居首
中國日報(bào)網(wǎng) 2018-12-20 13:31
英國《自然》雜志18日發(fā)布了2018年度科學(xué)人物,該雜志每年遴選出十位對科學(xué)界產(chǎn)生重大影響的人士,囊括全年最重要以及最受爭議的科學(xué)事件。中國天才少年曹原出現(xiàn)在榜單的第一位。
“The stories of these ten people capture some of the most memorable scientific events in 2018,” says Nature's chief features editor, Rich Monastersky, “and they force us to confront difficult questions about who we are, where we have come from, and where we are going.”
《自然》特稿版主編里奇-蒙拿斯特斯基表示:“十大人物的故事濃縮了2018年度最難忘的科學(xué)事件,這些事件迫使我們思考我們究竟是誰、我們從哪里來、以及我們要去向何處的難題。”
2018年3月5日,《自然》背靠背發(fā)表了兩篇以曹原為第一作者的石墨烯重磅論文。這名中科大少年班的畢業(yè)生、美國麻省理工學(xué)院的博士生發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)兩層平行石墨烯堆成約1.1°的微妙角度,就會產(chǎn)生神奇的超導(dǎo)效應(yīng)。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)轟動國際學(xué)界,直接開辟了凝聚態(tài)物理的新領(lǐng)域。
Physicist Yuan Cao was only 21 when he helped discover a trick to make graphene capable of conducting electricity without resistance, launching a new area of physics.
中國物理學(xué)家曹原協(xié)助發(fā)現(xiàn)了讓石墨烯實(shí)現(xiàn)超導(dǎo)的方法,當(dāng)時他年僅21歲。該研究成果開創(chuàng)了物理學(xué)一個全新的研究領(lǐng)域。
graphene['gr?fi?n] : n.石墨烯
這一發(fā)現(xiàn)有望最終幫助提高能源利用效率與傳輸效率。
在《自然》雜志相關(guān)的特稿文章中,曹原稱自己"并不特別"。
Cao admits that his situation is unusual, but says he isn’t special. After all, he did spend a full four years at university: “I just skipped some of the boring stuff in middle school.”
曹原承認(rèn)自己的情況并不常見,但說自己并不特別。畢竟,他在大學(xué)里還是待滿了四年,“我只是跳過了中學(xué)階段比較無聊的時期?!?/p>
他在麻省理工的導(dǎo)師評價道,曹原的實(shí)驗(yàn)技巧在研究中至關(guān)重要。
Cao loves to take things apart and rebuild them. At heart, he is “a tinkerer”, his supervisor says.
他的導(dǎo)師說,曹原在內(nèi)心深處是個"修補(bǔ)匠",喜歡把東西拆開重裝。
“Every time I go in, it’s a huge mess, with computers taken apart and pieces of telescope all over his desk.”
他說:“每次我進(jìn)他的辦公室,里面都亂糟糟的,桌上堆滿了計(jì)算機(jī)和自制望遠(yuǎn)鏡的零件?!?/p>
Despite his youth and shy manner, colleagues say that Cao’s maturity shines through in his persistence.
盡管年輕又害羞,同事們都說曹原的成熟表現(xiàn)在堅(jiān)持不懈上。
有一次,曹原花了六個月時間研究一份看似令人激動的數(shù)據(jù),最終卻發(fā)現(xiàn)那不過是實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)置中的巧合。
“He wasn’t happy, but he just rolled up his sleeves and continued working,”
他的導(dǎo)師說:"他不開心,但他只是卷起袖子繼續(xù)干了。"
如今,正有無數(shù)學(xué)者試圖重復(fù)、拓展他的研究。
“There are so many things we can do,” says Cory Dean, a physicist at Columbia University in New York City. “The opportunities at hand now are almost overwhelming.”
"我們能做的事情太多了。"位于紐約的哥倫比亞大學(xué)物理學(xué)家克里·迪恩說道,"手邊的各種機(jī)遇都有點(diǎn)應(yīng)接不暇了。"
雖然每年《自然》十大人物的封面圖片都是一個巨大的數(shù)字"10",但具體樣式和底紋都會融入當(dāng)年的科技熱點(diǎn)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。比如,2016年的封面圖片形如漣漪,暗示當(dāng)年最大的科學(xué)成果引力波的發(fā)現(xiàn)。被外界評為"人工智能元年"的2017年的封面圖片則融入了計(jì)算機(jī)代碼的元素。
今年的封面圖片明顯指向曹原的成果。數(shù)字"10"中的"0"被處理成一個正六邊形,宛如構(gòu)成石墨烯的碳環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)。再仔細(xì)看,整個數(shù)字"10"由2層蜂窩狀的小小正六邊形填涂而成,分別為紅色和藍(lán)色,兩層之間有微小的夾角,使得圖像出現(xiàn)了重影。這點(diǎn)出了賦予石墨烯超導(dǎo)能力的"魔角"。
下面一起來看看今年入選的另外九位科學(xué)家:
Palaeogeneticist Viviane Slon helped make one of 2018’s most surprising discoveries when she and her colleagues sequenced DNA from a 90,000-year-old bone and found that it came from the offspring of a union between a Neanderthal mother and a father from the extinct human group known as Denisovans.
古遺傳學(xué)家薇薇安·斯隆與同事在對一個9萬年前的骨骼進(jìn)行DNA測序時,發(fā)現(xiàn)該骨骼來自于尼安德特人母親與已經(jīng)滅絕的丹尼索瓦人父親的后代。這也是2018年度最出人意料的發(fā)現(xiàn)之一。
Another physicist, Jess Wade, made news through her remarkable efforts to raise the profile of women and people of color in science, including by writing hundreds of Wikipedia entries for female scientists.
物理學(xué)家杰斯·維德為提高女性和有色人種在科學(xué)界的地位付出了巨大努力,包括為女性科學(xué)家創(chuàng)建數(shù)百條維基百科詞條。
Robert-Jan Smits made waves in publishing by launching Plan S, a bold effort to make more scientific papers open access.
羅伯特·簡·史密斯發(fā)起的“S計(jì)劃”是一項(xiàng)推進(jìn)科研論文開放獲取的大膽倡議,掀起了科學(xué)出版業(yè)的巨浪。
Open data was also central to the work of Barbara Rae-Venter, who used public genome data to help identify the Golden State killer, who committed multiple murders in California during the 1970s and 1980s.
此外,開放數(shù)據(jù)也是芭芭拉·李-溫特的工作重心,她通過公開的基因組數(shù)據(jù),協(xié)助警方逮捕了曾在上世紀(jì)七八十年代犯下數(shù)起兇殺案的“金州殺手”。
genome ['d?i?n??m] : n.基因組;染色體組
Another data set preoccupied astronomer Anthony Brown, whose team coordinated the release of a massive trove of information from the Gaia spacecraft, which has tracked more than a billion stars.
另一位潛心研究數(shù)據(jù)集的天文學(xué)家安東尼·布朗率領(lǐng)團(tuán)隊(duì),發(fā)布了蓋亞探測器對10億多顆恒星的大規(guī)模追蹤數(shù)據(jù)。
這一信息寶庫正迅速轉(zhuǎn)變?nèi)祟悓︺y河系演化過程的認(rèn)知。
Meanwhile, Makoto Yoshikawa led the Hayabusa2 mission at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency to visit a dumpling-shaped asteroid to collect samples and then return them to Earth.
與此同時,由日本宇宙航空研究開發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)的吉川真領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的“隼鳥2號”任務(wù),造訪了一顆形狀類似餃子的小行星(Ryugu“龍宮”),并準(zhǔn)備將采集的樣本帶回地球。
隼鳥2號探測器已經(jīng)率先將多張現(xiàn)場圖片回傳至日本宇航局。
Climate researcher Valérie Masson-Delmotte had a key role in the stark report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which warned that nations might have only a dozen years before Earth’s temperature reaches a point that would transform ecosystems and destroy many coral reefs.
氣候研究專家瓦萊麗·馬松-德爾莫特在政府間氣候變化專門委員會發(fā)布的重要報(bào)告中起到了關(guān)鍵作用。該報(bào)告警告稱,距離地球氣溫達(dá)到轉(zhuǎn)變生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、破壞大量珊瑚礁的程度只剩下十幾年的時間。
Bee Yin Yeo, Malaysia’s minister of energy, science, technology, environment and climate change, is featured for leading environmental efforts to reduce single-use plastics.
馬來西亞能源、科學(xué)、技術(shù)、環(huán)境及氣候變化部長楊美盈帶頭倡導(dǎo)了減少一次性塑料使用的環(huán)保行動。
值得一提的是,《自然》年度十大人物只是選取當(dāng)年對科學(xué)界產(chǎn)生最大影響力的人物,并不一定是正面形象。2017年的榜單中就出現(xiàn)了一名"反派"--美國總統(tǒng)特朗普任命的環(huán)保署署長斯科特·普魯特(Scott Pruitt)。這名氣候變化懷疑論者入職后瓦解了奧巴馬政府的一系列環(huán)保遺產(chǎn)。今年榜單中的"反派"則是"基因編輯嬰兒"事件的主角、南科大副教授賀建奎。
Chinese scientist He Jiankui captured global attention last month when he announced he had edited the genomes of twin baby girls. This drew widespread condemnation over concerns that he had ignored ethical considerations and exposed the infants to potential risks.
中國科學(xué)家賀建奎上個月宣布編輯了一對雙胞胎女嬰的基因組,引發(fā)全球關(guān)注。他的做法受到了普遍批評,人們譴責(zé)其無視倫理,并將雙胞胎女嬰置于潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之中。
He, who is now not speaking to the press, disappeared from the world stage as quickly as he had emerged.
賀建奎現(xiàn)在已不在媒體發(fā)聲。他在世界舞臺上匆匆登場,又匆匆消失。
來源:cosmosmagazine.com、《自然》雜志網(wǎng)站、中國科學(xué)報(bào)、北京時間
編審:yaning