二、中國特色糧食安全之路
II. Food Security in China

中國立足本國國情、糧情，貫徹創(chuàng)新、協(xié)調(diào)、綠色、開放、共享的新發(fā)展理念，落實(shí)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展要求，實(shí)施新時(shí)期國家糧食安全戰(zhàn)略，走出了一條中國特色糧食安全之路。
Based on its own national conditions and food availability, China has embarked on a road to establishing food security in its own way by implementing the concepts of innovative, coordinated, green, open, and inclusive development, the requirements of high-quality development, and a national food security strategy for a new era.

（一）穩(wěn)步提升糧食生產(chǎn)能力
1. Steadily increasing grain production capacity

——嚴(yán)守耕地保護(hù)紅線。實(shí)施全國土地利用總體規(guī)劃，從嚴(yán)管控各項(xiàng)建設(shè)占用耕地特別是優(yōu)質(zhì)耕地，健全建設(shè)用地“增存掛鉤”機(jī)制，實(shí)行耕地占補(bǔ)平衡政策，嚴(yán)守12000萬公頃耕地紅線。全面落實(shí)永久基本農(nóng)田特殊保護(hù)制度，劃定永久基本農(nóng)田10300多萬公頃。目前，全國耕地面積13488萬公頃，比1996年增加480多萬公頃，糧食作物播種面積達(dá)到11700多萬公頃，比1996年增加450萬公頃左右，夯實(shí)了糧食生產(chǎn)基礎(chǔ)。
- Never crossing the red line for the protection of cultivated land. The Chinese government has implemented an overall plan for land use throughout the country. It strictly controls the occupation of cultivated land, especially high-quality land. It is improving the mechanism for linking the increase and deposit of construction land, and implementing a policy of balancing the occupation and replenishment of arable land, thus drawing a red line for its 120 million hectares of cultivated land. We have implemented a complete and special protection system for permanent basic farmland, and designated more than 103 million hectares of permanent basic farmland. At present, the country has 134.88 million hectares of cultivated land, an increase of more than 4.8 million hectares over 1996. There are more than 117 million hectares sown with grain, an increase of about 4.5 million hectares over 1996. The foundations of grain production have been strengthened.

——提升耕地質(zhì)量，保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境。實(shí)施全國高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)農(nóng)田建設(shè)總體規(guī)劃，推進(jìn)耕地?cái)?shù)量、質(zhì)量、生態(tài)“三位一體”保護(hù)，改造中低產(chǎn)田，建設(shè)集中連片、旱澇保收、穩(wěn)產(chǎn)高產(chǎn)、生態(tài)友好的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)農(nóng)田。2011年以來累計(jì)建成高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)農(nóng)田4260多萬公頃，項(xiàng)目區(qū)耕地質(zhì)量提升1－2個(gè)等級(jí)，每公頃糧食產(chǎn)量提高約1500公斤，糧食生產(chǎn)能力得到提升。實(shí)行測(cè)土配方施肥，推廣秸稈還田、綠肥種植、增施有機(jī)肥、地力培肥土壤改良等綜合配套技術(shù)，穩(wěn)步提升耕地質(zhì)量。實(shí)施耕地休養(yǎng)生息規(guī)劃，開展耕地輪作休耕制度試點(diǎn)。持續(xù)控制化肥、農(nóng)藥施用量，逐步消除面源污染，保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境。
- Improving the quality of arable land and protecting the environment. China has implemented an overall plan for the development of high-standard farmland, promoted the protection of quantity, quality and ecology of cultivated land, and upgraded medium-and low-yield fields. It has built high-standard farmland with concentrated contiguous land, guaranteed harvests in drought or flood, stable and high yield, and a sound ecology. Since 2011, we have created more than 42.6 million hectares of high-standard farmland, improved the quality of cultivated land by 1 to 2 grades in related zones, increased grain production by about 1,500 kg per hectare, and increased grain production capacity. We have carried out soil testing and formula fertilization, popularized the practice of returning straw to the field, green manure planting, the application of organic fertilizer, soil improvement and other supporting technologies, and steadily improved the quality of cultivated land. We have also implemented cultivated land rehabilitation planning and carried out a pilot system of fallow rotation of cultivated land. We will continue to control the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, gradually eliminate non-point source pollution, and protect the environment.

——建立糧食生產(chǎn)功能區(qū)和重要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)保護(hù)區(qū)。以主體功能區(qū)規(guī)劃和優(yōu)勢(shì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品布局規(guī)劃為依托，以永久基本農(nóng)田為基礎(chǔ)，建立糧食生產(chǎn)功能區(qū)和重要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)保護(hù)區(qū)。劃定水稻、小麥、玉米等糧食生產(chǎn)功能區(qū)6000萬公頃，大豆、油菜籽等重要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)保護(hù)區(qū)近1500萬公頃。加強(qiáng)建設(shè)東北稻谷、玉米、大豆優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)業(yè)帶，形成黃淮海平原小麥、專用玉米和高蛋白大豆規(guī)模生產(chǎn)優(yōu)勢(shì)區(qū)；打造長江經(jīng)濟(jì)帶雙季稻和優(yōu)質(zhì)專用小麥生產(chǎn)核心區(qū)；提高西北優(yōu)質(zhì)小麥、玉米和馬鈴薯生產(chǎn)規(guī)模和質(zhì)量；重點(diǎn)發(fā)展西南稻谷、小麥、玉米和馬鈴薯種植；擴(kuò)大東南和華南優(yōu)質(zhì)雙季稻和馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量規(guī)模。優(yōu)化區(qū)域布局和要素組合，促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，提升農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量效益和市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，保障重要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品特別是糧食的有效供給。
- Establishing functional areas for grain production and protected areas for the production of important agricultural products. In accordance with the planning of the main functional areas and the configuration of superior agricultural products, China has established functional areas for grain production and protected areas for important agricultural products on the basis of permanent basic farmland. We have designated 60 million hectares of functional areas for grain production, such as rice, wheat and corn, and nearly 15 million hectares of protected areas for the production of important agricultural products such as soybeans and rapeseed. We have strengthened the superior industrial belt of rice, corn and soybeans in Northeast China, and formed a dominant area for the large-scale production of wheat, special corn and high-protein soybeans on the North China Plain. We are building a core area for the production of double-cropping rice and high-quality special wheat in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and we are expanding the scale and improving the quality of high-quality wheat, corn and potatoes in Northwest China. In Southwest China we are focusing on the cultivation of rice, wheat, corn and potatoes, and increasing the yield of high-quality double-cropping rice and potatoes in Southeast and South China. We will continue to optimize the regional configuration and the combination of production factors, promote agricultural restructuring, enhance the quality and efficiency of agricultural products and market competitiveness, and ensure the effective supply of important agricultural products, especially grain.

——提高水資源利用效率。規(guī)劃建設(shè)一批節(jié)水供水重大水利工程，開發(fā)種類齊全、系列配套、性能可靠的節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品，大力普及管灌、噴灌、微灌等節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù)，加大水肥一體化等農(nóng)藝節(jié)水推廣力度。加快灌區(qū)續(xù)建配套與現(xiàn)代化高效節(jié)水改造，推進(jìn)小型農(nóng)田水利設(shè)施達(dá)標(biāo)提質(zhì)，實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)水資源科學(xué)高效利用。
- Improving the efficiency of water resource utilization. The Chinese government has planned and built a number of major water conservancy projects for water saving and water supply. We have developed a full range of water-saving irrigation technologies and products that are reliable and complementary to each other. We have vigorously popularized water-saving irrigation technologies such as pipe irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and micro-irrigation, and promoted the integration of water and fertilizer and other agronomy water-saving technologies. We will further speed up the installation of support facilities and modern and efficient water-saving reconstruction in irrigation districts, standardize and improve the quality of small-scale irrigation facilities, and realize the scientific and efficient utilization of water resources in agricultural production.

（二）保護(hù)和調(diào)動(dòng)糧食種植積極性
2. Cultivating and arousing the enthusiasm of grain planting

——保障種糧農(nóng)民收益。糧食生產(chǎn)不僅是解決糧食需求問題，更是解決農(nóng)民就業(yè)問題的重要途徑和手段。中國農(nóng)業(yè)人口規(guī)模巨大，通過城鎮(zhèn)化減少農(nóng)業(yè)人口將是一個(gè)漸進(jìn)的過程，在這個(gè)過程中必須保障農(nóng)民的就業(yè)和收入。為全面促進(jìn)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展，國家相繼取消牧業(yè)稅、生豬屠宰稅和農(nóng)林特產(chǎn)稅，特別是在2006年全面取消了在中國存在2600年的農(nóng)業(yè)稅，從根本上減輕了農(nóng)民負(fù)擔(dān)。逐步調(diào)整完善糧食價(jià)格形成機(jī)制和農(nóng)業(yè)支持保護(hù)政策，通過實(shí)施耕地地力保護(hù)補(bǔ)貼和農(nóng)機(jī)具購置補(bǔ)貼等措施，提高農(nóng)民抵御自然風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的能力，保障種糧基本收益，保護(hù)農(nóng)民種糧積極性，確保農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
- Guaranteeing farming incomes. Grain production makes an essential contribution to feeding the people; it also provides employment to farmers. China has a huge agricultural population, and it will be a gradual process to reduce the agricultural population through urbanization, during the course of which the employment and income of farmers must be guaranteed. In order to develop the rural economy and society in an all-around way, China has abolished the animal husbandry tax, pig slaughtering tax, tax on agricultural and forestry specialties and other taxes, especially the agricultural tax, which had existed in China for 2,600 years and was abolished in 2006. All these efforts have fundamentally reduced the burden on farmers.

We will gradually adjust and improve the grain price formation mechanism and agricultural support and protection policies, and improve farmers' ability to resist natural and market risks through the implementation of land fertility protection subsidies for cultivated land and subsidies for the purchase of agricultural machinery and equipment. We will guarantee the basic income of farmers, cultivate their enthusiasm for growing grain, and ensure the sustainable development of agriculture.

——完善生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營方式。鞏固農(nóng)村基本經(jīng)營制度，堅(jiān)持以家庭承包經(jīng)營為基礎(chǔ)、統(tǒng)分結(jié)合的雙層經(jīng)營體制，調(diào)動(dòng)億萬農(nóng)民糧食生產(chǎn)積極性。著力培育新型農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營主體和社會(huì)化服務(wù)組織，促進(jìn)適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營，把小農(nóng)戶引入現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展軌道，逐步形成以家庭經(jīng)營為基礎(chǔ)、合作與聯(lián)合為紐帶、社會(huì)化服務(wù)為支撐的立體式復(fù)合型農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營體系。目前，全國家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)近60萬家，農(nóng)民合作社達(dá)到217.3萬家，社會(huì)化服務(wù)組織達(dá)到37萬個(gè)，有效解決了“誰來種地”“怎樣種地”等問題，大幅提高了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率。
- Improving the mode of production and operation. China has consolidated the basic management system in rural areas, adhered to a two-tier management system based on household contract management and combined with unification and division, and aroused the enthusiasm of hundreds of millions of farmers in grain production. We have invested a great effort in cultivating new-type agricultural business entities and socialized service organizations, promoted moderate-scale operations, and guided small-scale farmers onto the track of modern agriculture, gradually forming a three-dimensional compound agricultural management system based on family management, with cooperation as the link, and social services as the support. At present there are nearly 600,000 family farms, 2.17 million farmers' cooperatives, and 370,000 social service organizations in China. The problems of "who farms the land" and "how to farm the land" have been effectively solved, and the efficiency of agricultural production has significantly improved.

（三）創(chuàng)新完善糧食市場(chǎng)體系
3. Innovating and improving the food market system

——積極構(gòu)建多元市場(chǎng)主體格局。深化國有糧食企業(yè)改革，鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展混合所有制經(jīng)濟(jì)，促進(jìn)國有糧食企業(yè)跨區(qū)域整合，打造骨干糧食企業(yè)集團(tuán)。推動(dòng)糧食產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)，培育大型跨國糧食集團(tuán)，支持中小糧食企業(yè)發(fā)展，促進(jìn)形成公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的市場(chǎng)環(huán)境。積極引導(dǎo)多元主體入市，市場(chǎng)化收購比重不斷提高，糧食收購主體多元化格局逐步形成。
- Building a pattern of multiple market players. China is furthering reform of state-owned grain enterprises, encouraging the development of a mixed ownership economy, promoting cross-regional integration of state-owned grain enterprises, and creating backbone grain enterprise groups. We will transform and upgrade the grain industry, cultivate large transnational grain groups, support the development of small and medium-sized grain enterprises, and foster a market environment for fair competition. We have actively guided multiple players into the market, and the proportion of market-based procurement has been increasing. A network of diversified grain purchasers has gradually taken shape.

——健全完善糧食交易體系。搭建了規(guī)范統(tǒng)一的國家糧食電子交易平臺(tái)，形成以國家糧食電子交易平臺(tái)為中心，?。▍^(qū)、市）糧食交易平臺(tái)為支撐的國家糧食交易體系，服務(wù)宏觀調(diào)控、服務(wù)糧食流通的功能不斷提升。全國糧食商流、物流市場(chǎng)達(dá)到500多家。糧食期貨交易品種涵蓋小麥、玉米、稻谷和大豆等主要糧食品種，交易規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大。
- Improving the grain trading system. China has built a standardized and unified national electronic grain trading platform, forming a national grain trading system with the platform as the center and provincial (autonomous regional, municipal) grain trading platforms as the support. The functions of macro-control and grain circulation have continuously improved. There are more than 500 grain commodity and logistics markets across the country. Grain futures trading cover major grain varieties such as wheat, corn, rice, and soybeans, and the scale is expanding.

——穩(wěn)步提升糧食市場(chǎng)服務(wù)水平。積極引導(dǎo)各地發(fā)展多種糧食零售方式，完善城鄉(xiāng)“放心糧油”供應(yīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，糧食電子商務(wù)和新型零售業(yè)態(tài)發(fā)展態(tài)勢(shì)良好。搭建糧食產(chǎn)銷合作平臺(tái)，鼓勵(lì)產(chǎn)銷區(qū)加強(qiáng)政府層面戰(zhàn)略合作。2018年組織各類糧食交易會(huì)3935場(chǎng)，成交糧食近13627萬噸，成交金額2319億元人民幣。2018年和2019年，連續(xù)舉辦“中國糧食交易大會(huì)”，意向購銷糧食達(dá)6000余萬噸，推動(dòng)產(chǎn)銷合作水平邁上新臺(tái)階。
- Steadily improving services in the grain market. The government has actively guided various localities to develop a variety of grain retail methods, and improved the supply network of "safe grain and oil" in urban and rural areas. Grain e-commerce and new forms of retail business are in good shape. We are building platforms for cooperation in grain production and marketing, and encouraging production and marketing areas to strengthen strategic cooperation at government level. In 2018, we organized 3,935 grain fairs of all kinds, with a transaction volume of nearly 136.27 million tons and a value of 231.9 billion yuan. In 2018 and 2019, China held China Grain Trade Conferences with an intended purchase and sale of more than 60 million tons, pushing grain production and marketing cooperation to a new level.

（四）健全完善國家宏觀調(diào)控
4. Improving macroeconomic regulation

——注重規(guī)劃引領(lǐng)。編制《中華人民共和國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展第十三個(gè)五年規(guī)劃綱要》《國家糧食安全中長期規(guī)劃綱要（2008－2020年）》《全國新增1000億斤糧食生產(chǎn)能力規(guī)劃（2009－2020年）》《中國食物與營養(yǎng)發(fā)展綱要（2014－2020年）》《全國農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展規(guī)劃（2015－2030年）》《全國國土規(guī)劃綱要（2016－2030年）》《國家鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃（2018－2022年）》《糧食行業(yè)“十三五”發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要》等一系列發(fā)展規(guī)劃，從不同層面制定目標(biāo)、明確措施，引領(lǐng)農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化、糧食產(chǎn)業(yè)以及食物營養(yǎng)的發(fā)展方向，多維度維護(hù)國家糧食安全。
- Paying close attention to state planning as guidance. China has formulated a series of plans, including the Outline of the Thirteenth Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China, Outline of the Medium-and Long-term Plan for National Food Security (2008-2020), National Plan for an Increase of Production Capacity for 50 Billion Kg of Food (2009-2020), Outline of China's Food and Nutrition Development (2014-2020), National Agriculture Sustainable Development Plan (2015-2030), National Land Planning Outline (2016-2030), National Rural Vitalization Strategic Plan (2018-2022), and Outline of the 13th Five-year Development Plan for the Food Industry. Through these plans, China defines its goals and measures at different levels, and guides agricultural modernization, food nutrition, and the food industry, with the goal of safeguarding national food security in every respect.

——深化糧食收儲(chǔ)制度和價(jià)格形成機(jī)制改革。為保護(hù)農(nóng)民種糧積極性，促進(jìn)農(nóng)民就業(yè)增收，防止出現(xiàn)“谷賤傷農(nóng)”和“賣糧難”，在特定時(shí)段、按照特定價(jià)格、對(duì)特定區(qū)域的特定糧食品種，先后實(shí)施了最低收購價(jià)收購、國家臨時(shí)收儲(chǔ)等政策性收購。收購價(jià)格由國家根據(jù)生產(chǎn)成本和市場(chǎng)行情確定，收購的糧食按照市場(chǎng)價(jià)格銷售。隨著市場(chǎng)形勢(shì)發(fā)展變化，糧食供給更加充裕，按照分品種施策、漸進(jìn)式推進(jìn)的原則，積極穩(wěn)妥推進(jìn)糧食收儲(chǔ)制度和價(jià)格形成機(jī)制改革。2014年起先后取消了大豆、油菜籽、玉米等糧油品種國家臨時(shí)收儲(chǔ)政策，全面實(shí)行市場(chǎng)化收購。2016年起逐步完善了稻谷和小麥最低收購價(jià)格政策，進(jìn)一步降低了政策性收購比例，實(shí)現(xiàn)了以市場(chǎng)化收購為主。
- Furthering reform of the grain collection and storage system and the price formation mechanism. In order to encourage farmers to grow grain, increase their employment prospects and incomes, and protect them from low grain prices and problems in selling their output, the government has, over specified periods, on specific grain varieties in specific regions, and in accordance with specific prices, carried out procurement policies including minimum purchase price procurement and temporary state collection and storage. The purchase price was determined by the government according to the production cost and the market situation, and the grain purchased was sold at the market price. As the market changes and develops, and as the grain supply increases, the government has made different policies for different grain varieties, actively and steadily promoted reform of the grain collection and storage system and the price formation mechanism. Since 2014, we have canceled the national temporary collection and storage policy of grain and oil varieties such as soybeans, rapeseed and corn, and carried out market-based procurement in an all-around way. Since 2016, we have gradually improved the minimum purchase price policy for rice and wheat, further reduced the proportion of policy procurement, and realized market-based procurement.

——發(fā)揮糧食儲(chǔ)備重要作用。合理確定中央和地方儲(chǔ)備功能定位，中央儲(chǔ)備糧主要用于全國范圍守底線、應(yīng)大災(zāi)、穩(wěn)預(yù)期，是國家糧食安全的“壓艙石”；地方儲(chǔ)備糧主要用于區(qū)域市場(chǎng)保應(yīng)急、穩(wěn)糧價(jià)、保供應(yīng)，是國家糧食安全的第一道防線。
- Giving full play to the important role of grain reserves. The government has a rational process for determining the functions of central and local reserves: the central grain reserves are mainly used to maintain basic needs, respond to disasters and stabilize expectations, which is the "ballast stone" of national food security. Local grain reserves are mainly used in the regional market to meet emergencies, stabilize grain prices and guarantee supply, which is the first line of defense of national food security.

（五）大力發(fā)展糧食產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)
5. Developing the grain industry economy

——加快推動(dòng)糧食產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)。緊緊圍繞“糧頭食尾”“農(nóng)頭工尾”，充分發(fā)揮加工企業(yè)的引擎帶動(dòng)作用，延伸糧食產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈，提升價(jià)值鏈，打造供應(yīng)鏈，統(tǒng)籌建好示范市縣、產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)、骨干企業(yè)和優(yōu)質(zhì)糧食工程“四大載體”，在更高層次上提升國家糧食安全保障水平。
- Speeding up the transformation and upgrading of the grain industry. China upholds the principle of "grain planting to the forefront and produce to follow (This means that grain planting should be the source, and produce should be found on the dining table, which requires us to properly deal with the relationship between planting and marketing)" and "agriculture to the forefront and industry to follow (This requires us to integrate the primary and secondary industries and realize intensive processing of agricultural products)", giving full play to the role of processing enterprises as the engine, extending the grain industry chain, upgrading the value chain, and building a supply chain. We have an overall strategy to build four major carriers to raise national food security to a higher level: demonstration cities and counties, industrial parks, backbone enterprises, and the Quality Food Project, so as to raise national food security to a higher level.

——積極發(fā)展糧食精深加工轉(zhuǎn)化。增加專用米、專用粉、專用油、功能性淀粉糖、功能性蛋白等食品有效供給，促進(jìn)居民膳食多元化。順應(yīng)飼料用糧需求快速增長趨勢(shì)，積極發(fā)展飼料加工和轉(zhuǎn)化，推動(dòng)畜禽養(yǎng)殖發(fā)展，滿足居民對(duì)肉蛋奶等的營養(yǎng)需求。
- Transforming grain processing into refined and deep processing. China will increase the effective supply of special rice, special flour, special oil, functional starch sugar and protein, and promote dietary diversity among the people. We will continue to respond to the trend of rapid growth in feed demand, promote feed processing and transformation, facilitate the development of livestock and poultry breeding, and meet the nutritional needs of residents for meat, eggs and milk.

——深入實(shí)施優(yōu)質(zhì)糧食工程。建立專業(yè)化的糧食產(chǎn)后服務(wù)中心，為種糧農(nóng)民提供清理、干燥、儲(chǔ)存、加工、銷售等服務(wù)。建立與完善由6個(gè)國家級(jí)、32個(gè)省級(jí)、305個(gè)市級(jí)和960個(gè)縣級(jí)糧食質(zhì)檢機(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)成的糧食質(zhì)量安全檢驗(yàn)監(jiān)測(cè)體系，基本實(shí)現(xiàn)“機(jī)構(gòu)成網(wǎng)絡(luò)、監(jiān)測(cè)全覆蓋、監(jiān)管無盲區(qū)”。制定發(fā)布“中國好糧油”系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，促進(jìn)糧油產(chǎn)品提質(zhì)升級(jí)，增加綠色優(yōu)質(zhì)糧油產(chǎn)品供給。
- Implementing the Quality Food Project. China has established professional post-production grain service centers to provide cleaning, drying, storage, processing and marketing services for farmers. We have established and improved a grain quality and safety inspection and monitoring system composed of 6 national-level, 32 provincial-level, 305 municipal-level and 960 county-level grain quality inspection institutions, basically realizing the full coverage of the monitoring network. We have also formulated and issued a series of standards for grain and oil to upgrade the quality of grain and oil products and increase the supply of green grain and oil.

（六）全面建立糧食科技創(chuàng)新體系
6. Establishing a comprehensive food science and technology innovation system

——強(qiáng)化糧食生產(chǎn)科技支撐。深入推進(jìn)玉米、大豆、水稻、小麥國家良種重大科研聯(lián)合攻關(guān)，大力培育推廣優(yōu)良品種。超級(jí)稻、矮敗小麥、雜交玉米等高效育種技術(shù)體系基本建立，成功培育出數(shù)萬個(gè)高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)作物新品種新組合，實(shí)現(xiàn)了5－6次大規(guī)模更新?lián)Q代，優(yōu)良品種大面積推廣應(yīng)用，基本實(shí)現(xiàn)主要糧食作物良種全覆蓋。中國科學(xué)家袁隆平培育的超級(jí)雜交稻單產(chǎn)達(dá)到每公頃近18.1噸，刷新了世界紀(jì)錄。加快優(yōu)質(zhì)專用稻米和強(qiáng)筋弱筋小麥以及高淀粉、高蛋白、高油玉米等綠色優(yōu)質(zhì)品種選育，推動(dòng)糧食生產(chǎn)從高產(chǎn)向優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)并重轉(zhuǎn)變。
- Strengthening scientific and technological support for grain production. China has promoted research into improved varieties of corn, soybeans, rice and wheat, and made concerted efforts to cultivate and popularize the best varieties. Highly efficient technology is in place for cultivation of super rice, dwarf male-sterile wheat, and hybrid corn, and tens of thousands of new combinations of high yield and high quality crop varieties have been successfully cultivated after five or six phases of major upgrading. These have been popularized and applied over large areas, covering almost all major food crops. The per unit yield of super hybrid rice cultivated by Chinese scientist Yuan Longping has reached nearly 18.1 tons per hectare, setting a new world best. We will speed up the breeding of high-quality special rice, strong gluten and weak gluten wheat, and green and high-quality varieties such as high starch, high protein and high oil corn, and transform grain production from high yield to both high yield and high quality.

——推廣應(yīng)用農(nóng)業(yè)科技。2018年，農(nóng)業(yè)科技進(jìn)步貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)到58.3%，比1996年的15.5%提高了42.8個(gè)百分點(diǎn)?？茖W(xué)施肥、節(jié)水灌溉、綠色防控等技術(shù)大面積推廣，水稻、小麥、玉米三大糧食作物的農(nóng)藥、化肥利用率分別達(dá)到38.8%、37.8%，病蟲草害損失率大幅降低。2004年以來實(shí)施糧食豐產(chǎn)科技工程，共建設(shè)豐產(chǎn)科技攻關(guān)田、核心區(qū)、示范區(qū)、輻射區(qū)1276個(gè)，累計(jì)增產(chǎn)糧食1.3億噸，項(xiàng)目區(qū)單產(chǎn)增產(chǎn)量達(dá)到全國平均水平的2.3倍。農(nóng)業(yè)科技的推廣應(yīng)用，為糧食增產(chǎn)發(fā)揮了積極作用。
- Applying agricultural science and technology. In 2018, the contribution of scientific and technological progress to agriculture reached 58.3 percent, an increase of 42.8 percentage points from 15.5 percent in 1996. Scientific fertilization, water-saving irrigation, and green prevention and control have been popularized over large areas. That year pesticide and chemical fertilizer utilization rates for rice, wheat and corn reached 38.8 percent and 37.8 percent, and the loss rate from diseases, pests and weeds has fallen significantly. Since 2004, China has concentrated efforts to increase crop yield through science and technology, building a total of 1,276 research fields, core areas, demonstration areas and rollout areas, with a cumulative increase of 130 million tons of grain; the per unit yield in the project areas is as much as 2.3 times the national average. The popularization and application of agricultural science and technology has played a positive role in increasing grain output.

——提升糧食儲(chǔ)運(yùn)科技水平。攻克了一系列糧食儲(chǔ)藏保鮮保質(zhì)、蟲霉防治和減損降耗關(guān)鍵技術(shù)難題，系統(tǒng)性解決了中國“北糧南運(yùn)”散糧集裝箱運(yùn)輸成套應(yīng)用技術(shù)難題。不斷擴(kuò)大先進(jìn)的倉儲(chǔ)設(shè)施規(guī)模，2018年實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械通風(fēng)、糧情測(cè)控和環(huán)流熏蒸系統(tǒng)的倉容分別達(dá)到7.5億噸、6.6億噸和2.8億噸。安全綠色儲(chǔ)糧、質(zhì)量安全、營養(yǎng)健康、加工轉(zhuǎn)化、現(xiàn)代物流、“智慧糧食”等領(lǐng)域科研成果得到廣泛應(yīng)用。
- Upgrading the science and technology of grain storage and transportation. China has overcome a series of key technological problems in grain storage and preservation, improving pest and mildew control, loss reduction, and ensuring freshness and quality, and systematically addressed the technical problems of container transportation in bringing bulk grain from North China to the South. China continues to expand the scale of advanced storage facilities, and in 2018 the storage capacity of mechanical ventilation reached 750 million tons. Storage capacity where grains can be monitored reached 660 million tons, and storage capacity featuring circulation fumigation was 280 million tons. Scientific research findings in the fields of safe and green grain storage, quality and safety, nutrition and health, processing and transformation, modern logistics, and "intelligent grain" have been widely applied.

（七）著力強(qiáng)化依法管理合規(guī)經(jīng)營
7. Strengthening management and operations in accordance with the law

——完善糧食安全保障法律法規(guī)。加快推進(jìn)糧食安全保障立法，頒布和修訂實(shí)施《農(nóng)業(yè)法》《土地管理法》《土壤污染防治法》《水土保持法》《農(nóng)村土地承包法》《農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣法》《農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化促進(jìn)法》《種子法》《農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全法》《進(jìn)出境動(dòng)植物檢疫法》《農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社法》《基本農(nóng)田保護(hù)條例》《土地復(fù)墾條例》《農(nóng)藥管理?xiàng)l例》《植物檢疫條例》《糧食流通管理?xiàng)l例》等法律法規(guī)。
- Improving laws and regulations on food security. To accelerate food security legislation, China has promulgated and revised the following laws and regulations:

-Agricultural Law

-Land Administration Law

-Soil Pollution Prevention and Control Law

-Law on Soil and Water Conservation

-Rural Land Contracting Law

-Law on the Popularization of Agricultural Technology

-Law on Promotion of Agricultural Mechanization

-Seed Law

-Law on Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products

-Law on the Entry and Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine-Law on Farmers' Specialized Cooperatives

-Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland

-Regulations on Land Reclamation

-Regulations on Pesticide Administration

-Regulations on Plant Quarantine

-Regulations on the Administration of Grain Circulation.

——落實(shí)糧食安全省長責(zé)任制。確保國家糧食安全，中央政府承擔(dān)首要責(zé)任，省級(jí)政府承擔(dān)主體責(zé)任。2014年底，國務(wù)院出臺(tái)《關(guān)于建立健全糧食安全省長責(zé)任制的若干意見》，從生產(chǎn)、流通、消費(fèi)等各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)明確各省級(jí)政府在維護(hù)國家糧食安全方面的事權(quán)與責(zé)任。2015年，國務(wù)院辦公廳印發(fā)《糧食安全省長責(zé)任制考核辦法》，建立考核機(jī)制，明確由國家相關(guān)部門組成考核工作組，負(fù)責(zé)具體實(shí)施考核工作，進(jìn)一步壓實(shí)地方政府維護(hù)國家糧食安全的責(zé)任。地方政府糧食安全意識(shí)普遍增強(qiáng)，糧食安全保障水平不斷提升。
- Implementing the responsibility system of provincial governors for food security. In ensuring national food security, the central government should take overall responsibility, and the provincial governments bear the primary responsibility. At the end of 2014, the State Council issued the "Directives on Establishing and Improving the System of Provincial Governors' Responsibility for Food Security", defining the power and responsibilities of provincial governments in safeguarding national food security in terms of production, circulation and consumption. In 2015, the General Office of the State Council issued the "Measures for the Assessment of Provincial Governors' Responsibility for Food Security", established an assessment mechanism and formed a working group composed of relevant state departments, which was responsible for carrying out the assessment, thus further consolidating the responsibility of local governments in maintaining national food security. All local governments have increased their awareness of food security issues, and the level of food security has continuously improved.

——深化糧食“放管服”改革。持續(xù)推進(jìn)簡政放權(quán)、放管結(jié)合、優(yōu)化服務(wù)，切實(shí)強(qiáng)化市場(chǎng)意識(shí)和法治思維，牢固樹立依法管糧、依法治糧的意識(shí)，依法推進(jìn)雙隨機(jī)監(jiān)管機(jī)制及涉糧事項(xiàng)向社會(huì)公開。完善糧食庫存檢查方式方法和質(zhì)量安全監(jiān)管制度，構(gòu)建糧油安全儲(chǔ)存責(zé)任體系和行為準(zhǔn)則，確保糧食庫存數(shù)量真實(shí)、質(zhì)量良好、儲(chǔ)存安全。建立以信用監(jiān)管為基礎(chǔ)的新型監(jiān)管機(jī)制，維護(hù)正常的糧食流通秩序。
- Promoting reform in simplifying administration and delegating power, combining decentralization and management, and optimizing services. The goals are to strengthen market consciousness, reinforce thinking on the rule of law, foster an awareness of the need to manage and administer grain in accordance with the law, and strengthen supervision by such measures as random selection of targets for assessment and random selection of assessors, and timely provide information on grain-related affairs to the general public. We will improve the inspection methods of grain inventory and the quality and safety supervision system, and build a responsibility system and code of conduct for the safe storage of grain and oil, so as to ensure that grain stocks are accurate in quantity, good in quality, and safe in storage. We will continue to establish a new regulatory mechanism that mainly monitors the credibility of all players in the food industry to maintain the normal order of grain circulation.