35名人大代表聯(lián)署議案:加快制定外國國家豁免法
中國日報網 2020-05-27 13:28
全國人大代表、北京市社會科學院法學所研究員馬一德在接受記者采訪時表示,建議盡快制定符合我國國情的外國國家豁免法(foreign states immunities law)。
Formulating a foreign states immunities law will protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese citizens as well as foreign investors, said Ma Yide, a deputy to the National People's Congress (NPC) and a law researcher at the Beijing Academy of Social Sciences. It will also counteract malicious litigations raised in countries like the United States towards China over the COVID-19 response, Ma told reporters.
全國人大代表、北京市社會科學院法學所研究員馬一德對記者表示,制定外國國家豁免法將平等保護我國國民和外國投資者合法權益,同時對等反制美國等以新冠肺炎疫情向中國提出的惡意指控。
【知識點】
國家主權豁免(state sovereign immunity)是指國家根據(jù)國家主權和國家平等原則不接受他國管轄的特權。國家主權豁免是國家平等的必然結果。
一般認為,國家及其財產豁免權(state sovereign and property immunity)的內容包括以下三個方面:
1、司法管轄豁免(immunity from jurisdiction):即未經一國同意,他國法院不得受理以該外國國家為被告或者以該外國國家財產為訴訟標的的案件。
2、訴訟程序豁免(immunity from litigation):即未經一國同意,即使放棄管轄豁免,外國法院也不得對該國財產采取訴訟保全措施,不得強制出庭作證以及實施其他訴訟程序上的強制措施。
3、強制執(zhí)行豁免(immunity from forcible execution):一國同意在他國法院中作為被告或主動作為原告參加民事訴訟,在未經該國同意時,他國法院不得根據(jù)本國判決對該國財產實行強制執(zhí)行。
在管轄豁免適用范圍方面,主要有絕對豁免和限制豁免兩種。
絕對豁免(absolute immunity)主張不論一國行為及其財產的性質如何,也不論該國的財產位于何地、為誰所控制,該國及其財產在其他國家法院都享有豁免權,除非該國本身自愿放棄這種豁免權;否則,任何其他國家的法院都無權受理以該國為被告或以該國財產為訴訟標的的民事案件。
限制豁免(limited immunity)則將國家行為分為公法行為(也稱主權行為、統(tǒng)治權行為) 和私法行為(也稱非主權行為、事務權行為、商業(yè)行為) ,并且只對外國國家的公法行為及用于該類行為的國家財產予以管轄豁免,對其商業(yè)行為及用于該類行為的財產則行使管轄權。
馬一德解釋說,
The lack of such a law has emerged as a prominent issue in the current epidemic as some countries, led by the United States, tried to shift the blame for their own governments' incompetence on COVID-19 response.
這一問題在此次疫情中尤為凸顯,以美國為首的部分國家試圖轉嫁本國政府防疫、控疫不力的責任。
Some groups and individuals in some countries even cited the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of the United States to bring litigations to the Chinese government and relevant departments.
甚至一些國家的團體或個人依據(jù)美國的外國主權豁免法對我國政府和相關部門提起訴訟。
"This has trampled on the internationally recognized principle of sovereign immunity, and is also a show of hegemony and power politics," Ma said, stressing the necessity and urgency for China to formulate a foreign states immunities law.
這既是對國家及其財產豁免這一國際法原則的踐踏,也是國際霸權與強權主義的體現(xiàn),但同時凸顯出我國制定外國國家豁免法的必要性、緊迫性。
China follows the principle of absolute immunity of foreign states and their property, thus Chinese litigants are unable to sue foreign governments from domestic courts, while Chinese governments have often been sued in foreign courts, he added.
遵循外國國家及其財產絕對豁免的一般原則,我國當事人難以在國內法院對他國提起訴訟主張權益,我國政府卻作為被告在外國法院被頻頻起訴。
馬一德表示,在新形勢下,建議重新對國家豁免問題進行審視,由絕對豁免原則轉向國際主流的限制豁免原則,盡快制定符合我國國情的國家豁免法。
From a long-term perspective, adopting a limited immunities principle will show a responsible manner of the Chinese government to foreign investors, ensure stable expectations for the protection of their investments, and facilitate China's new round of opening-up and the development of the Belt and Road Initiative, he said.
長遠來看,采取限制豁免原則將向外國投資者展示中國政府負責任的態(tài)度,為保護其投資提供穩(wěn)定預期,助力我國新一輪對外開放、‘一帶一路’倡議深化發(fā)展。
據(jù)了解,在當前錯綜復雜國際形勢和疫情防控常態(tài)化背景下,這一建議一經提出就獲得了代表們的理解、認同和支持,北京代表團代表中超過35人聯(lián)名簽署并提交該議案。該議案目前已被大會議案組接收并分送有關專門委員會研究。
【相關詞匯】
政治互信
political mutual trust
人文交流
people-to-people exchanges
戰(zhàn)略溝通
strategic communication
和平共處五項原則
the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
相互尊重主權和領土完整
respect one another's sovereignty and territorial integrity
參考來源:新華網
(中國日報網英語點津 Helen)