新冠肺炎疫情暴發(fā)以來，追蹤接觸者成為阻止病毒傳播的最有力武器。一些國(guó)家推出新冠病毒接觸者追蹤app，還有一些國(guó)家培訓(xùn)并雇用了接觸者追蹤員，減緩了病毒的傳播，為抗擊疫情爭(zhēng)取了時(shí)間。

Whenever a new infectious disease emerges, contact tracing is public health’s most powerful weapon for tracking transmission and figuring out how best to protect the population.

每當(dāng)一種新傳染病出現(xiàn)時(shí)，公共衛(wèi)生部門就需要追蹤傳播路徑并確定保護(hù)國(guó)民的最佳方案，而追蹤接觸者就是其最強(qiáng)大的武器。

But now, as coronavirus cases are surging in hot spots across the United States, the proven strategy’s effectiveness is in doubt: Contact tracing failed to stanch the first wave of coronavirus infections, and today’s far more extensive undertaking will require 100,000 or more trained tracers to delve into strangers’ personal lives and persuade even some without symptoms to stay home.

現(xiàn)在，隨著新冠肺炎病例在美國(guó)各熱點(diǎn)地區(qū)大幅增加，這項(xiàng)歷經(jīng)考驗(yàn)的策略的有效性卻受到質(zhì)疑：它沒能遏制第一波病毒傳染，而且今天這項(xiàng)工作的規(guī)模過于龐大，需要至少10萬名訓(xùn)練有素的追蹤員，探究陌生人的個(gè)人生活，甚至勸說一些沒有癥狀的人呆在家里。

stanch [stɑ?nt?]：vt.平息

“We don’t have a great track record in the United States of trust in the public health system,” said David C. Harvey, executive director of the National Coalition of STD Directors. Ever since the 40-year Tuskegee experiment, which withheld treatment for syphilis from poor black men, officials have had to make special efforts, he said, to reach those now “disproportionately impacted by covid who are African Americans and Latinos.”

美國(guó)全國(guó)性病科主任聯(lián)盟負(fù)責(zé)人戴維·C·哈維說：“在美國(guó)，人們向來對(duì)公共衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)缺乏信任。”長(zhǎng)達(dá)40年的“塔斯基吉實(shí)驗(yàn)”阻止貧困的黑人梅毒患者接受治療。自該丑聞被曝光以來，官員們就必須付出額外努力才能與那些非洲裔和拉美裔患者取得聯(lián)系。在目前受到新冠肺炎影響的人群中，這些人群的比例異常地高。

Still, as states relax restrictions, public health experts say wide-scale contact tracing is the price that must be paid to reopen safely without reverting to the blanket shutdowns that put nearly 40 million Americans out of work. Time is of the essence, they say, taking advantage of the drop in cases resulting from the shutdowns.

盡管如此，公共衛(wèi)生專家說，隨著各州放松限制措施，要想安全地重啟經(jīng)濟(jì)、避免再次陷入導(dǎo)致近4000萬美國(guó)人失業(yè)的全面封鎖狀態(tài)，大規(guī)模追蹤接觸者是必不可少的。他們說，時(shí)間是關(guān)鍵因素，要利用好病例數(shù)量因封鎖措施而下降的這段時(shí)機(jī)。

“Contact tracing is finding the next generation before they happen, getting ahead of that transmission cycle to stop it,” said Emily Gurley, an epidemiologist at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the instructor of the school’s new six-hour online contact-tracing course. Gurley doesn’t believe the strategy will stop transmission but that, in concert with testing and other measures, it can prevent the disease from spreading exponentially.

約翰斯·霍普金斯-布隆伯格公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院流行病學(xué)家、該學(xué)院最新版6學(xué)時(shí)接觸者追蹤線上課程導(dǎo)師埃米莉·格利說：“追蹤接觸者就是預(yù)先找到下一代病例，要趕在傳播周期之前阻止它。”格利認(rèn)為這一策略并不能阻止疾病傳播，但配合檢測(cè)等措施，可阻止新冠肺炎加速擴(kuò)散。

in concert with：和…相呼應(yīng)；與…合作

exponentially [?eksp??nen??li]：adv.以指數(shù)方式

Right now, though, the virus is showing signs of taking the lead again, as states relax restrictions on large gatherings and welcome customers back into bars, restaurants and movie theaters. Cases are on the rise in more than 20 states across the country, with new highs in Arizona, Texas and Florida.

不過就目前而言，隨著各州放松對(duì)大型聚會(huì)的限制并鼓勵(lì)消費(fèi)者重返酒吧、餐廳和電影院，病毒呈現(xiàn)出卷土重來的跡象。在美國(guó)20多個(gè)州，確診病例再次增長(zhǎng)，亞利桑那州、得克薩斯州和佛羅里達(dá)州的確診病例增量達(dá)到新高。

In Arizona, Gov. Doug Ducey reopened the state before local health departments had trained its new army of contact tracers, said Will Humble, former director of the state’s health department.

亞利桑那州前衛(wèi)生局局長(zhǎng)威爾·亨布爾說，州長(zhǎng)道格·杜西在當(dāng)?shù)匦l(wèi)生部門訓(xùn)練新的接觸者追蹤員隊(duì)伍之前就重啟了經(jīng)濟(jì)。

Humble described case investigation and contact tracing as key elements of a multipronged response, including mask-wearing and social distancing.

亨布爾認(rèn)為，調(diào)查病例和追蹤接觸者是多管齊下應(yīng)對(duì)疫情的關(guān)鍵要素，其他應(yīng)對(duì)措施包括佩戴口罩和保持社交距離。

multipronged[,m?lt?'pr??d]：具有多種要素的

Texas, also seeing a dramatic surge, has relaxed restrictions after hiring about 3,000 of the 4,000 contact tracers Gov. Greg Abbott said in April he planned to have in place as part of his reopening strategy.

得克薩斯州的確診病例同樣大幅增加。該州在雇用大約3000名接觸者追蹤員之后放松了限制。州長(zhǎng)格雷格·阿博特4月份曾表示，作為重啟戰(zhàn)略的一部分，該州將部署4000名追蹤員。

Michael Sweat, director of the Center for Global Health at the Medical University of South Carolina, said that state’s health department, which has suffered from long-term underfunding, was trying hard to ramp up contact tracing as parts of the state suffer “worrisome micro-epidemics.”

南卡羅來納醫(yī)科大學(xué)全球衛(wèi)生中心主任邁克爾·斯韋特說，在南卡羅來納州部分地區(qū)出現(xiàn)“令人擔(dān)憂的小規(guī)模疫情”之際，該州衛(wèi)生部門雖然長(zhǎng)期資金不足，但仍努力加大接觸者追蹤力度。

The University of California at San Francisco has been tapped by the state to create a Pandemic Workforce Training Academy that will train as many as 3,000 people for the state’s 58 county health departments, many of them focusing on low-income communities where requests to self-isolate can be financially devastating.

加利福尼亞州委托加利福尼亞大學(xué)舊金山分校成立了一個(gè)“大流行病工作者培訓(xùn)學(xué)院”。該學(xué)院將為該州58個(gè)縣級(jí)衛(wèi)生部門培訓(xùn)多達(dá)3000人，其中很多人將專注于低收入社區(qū)，因?yàn)樽晕腋綦x措施可能給那里的居民造成嚴(yán)重的財(cái)務(wù)損失。

In San Francisco, librarian Ramses Escobedo, who became a contact tracer after two weeks of training, said the health department gave out a 60-page instruction document. “It has information from the scripts you’re supposed to follow, the questions you’re supposed to ask.”

在舊金山，圖書管理員拉美西斯·埃斯科比多在經(jīng)過兩周的培訓(xùn)后成為了一名接觸者追蹤員，他說衛(wèi)生部門發(fā)放了一份60頁的指導(dǎo)文件。“文件中包含你應(yīng)該遵循的信息和你應(yīng)該問的問題?！?/p>

Of the 30 people Escobedo spoke to in his first three weeks as a contact tracer, only one refused to answer his questions.

在埃斯科比多作為接觸者追蹤員最初三周詢問的30人中，只有一人拒絕回答他的問題。

來源：華盛頓郵報(bào)、參考消息網(wǎng)

編輯：yaning