2021年3月11日下午，十三屆全國人大四次會(huì)議在人民大會(huì)堂舉行記者會(huì)，國務(wù)院總理李克強(qiáng)應(yīng)大會(huì)發(fā)言人張業(yè)遂的邀請出席記者會(huì)，并回答中外記者提問。

記者會(huì)開始時(shí)，李克強(qiáng)說，很高興同媒體的朋友們見面，感謝大家對(duì)中國兩會(huì)報(bào)道所付出的辛勞。今年我們還是繼續(xù)通過視頻進(jìn)行交流，請大家提問。
In his opening remarks, Premier Li Keqiang said that he was delighted to meet friends from the media and thanked the journalists for their hard work in covering China's NPC and CPPCC Sessions. He noted that the press conference was again held via video link this year and then opened the floor for questions.

美國消費(fèi)者新聞與商業(yè)頻道記者：李總理，新冠肺炎疫情對(duì)許多工作完成的方式和地點(diǎn)都產(chǎn)生了影響，疫情暴發(fā)一年了，請問中國就業(yè)質(zhì)量和收入有什么明顯的變化，中方將采取什么具體的措施改善這種狀況？特別是在人口老齡化背景下，對(duì)消費(fèi)需求特別是國外品牌消費(fèi)有什么影響？
CNBC: Premier Li, the coronavirus pandemic has affected the way in which many jobs are done and located. What changes has China seen in the last year for its jobs in terms of quality and salary? And what specific measures will China take especially as the population ages? How has this affected consumption especially for foreign brands?

李克強(qiáng)：就業(yè)對(duì)一個(gè)國家、對(duì)一個(gè)家庭可以說都是天大的事。去年在疫情肆虐的時(shí)候，很多街面上都見不到行人了，多數(shù)店鋪都關(guān)了，當(dāng)時(shí)我們最擔(dān)心的就是出現(xiàn)大規(guī)模的失業(yè)。記得后來我到地方考察，看了不少店鋪。在一個(gè)小店，店主跟我說，3個(gè)月沒有營業(yè)了，因?yàn)檎疁p免稅費(fèi)，支持減免房租、水電費(fèi)，穩(wěn)崗補(bǔ)貼資金到位，我們沒有裁員，挺過來了。我問員工的工資怎么辦？他說當(dāng)時(shí)只發(fā)生活費(fèi)了。在場的20多位員工都說，店里管吃管住，不讓我們下崗，還有什么說的。企業(yè)和員工都明白，只要保住了企業(yè)、穩(wěn)住了崗位，一復(fù)工復(fù)市，生意就會(huì)旺起來。
Premier Li: Employment is of paramount importance for a family and a country. In the raging times of COVID-19 last year when bustling streets were deserted and shops were closed, our biggest concern was massive job losses.I recall a visit to a small shop during a local inspection tour. The shop owner told me that he was practically out of business for almost three months, but because of the government support in tax and fee cuts, exemptions of utility bills and rents, and wage subsidies, he managed to pull through and didn't let any employee go. I asked him if he could still afford to pay his employees wages. He said he gave them some living allowances. There were some 20 employees on the spot. They all said they had nothing to complain about when they could still have something to cover their basic needs in such difficult times. Both the company and the employees were aware that as long as the company and jobs were there, once production was resumed, business would go up.

去年我們在制定宏觀政策的時(shí)候，因?yàn)椴淮_定因素太多，沒有制定經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的預(yù)期目標(biāo)。但是反復(fù)權(quán)衡，還是制定了就業(yè)目標(biāo)，也就是城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)900萬人以上。因?yàn)榫蜆I(yè)是民生之本，是發(fā)展之基，也是財(cái)富創(chuàng)造的源頭活水。當(dāng)時(shí)我們也提出，要努力實(shí)現(xiàn)全年經(jīng)濟(jì)正增長，實(shí)際上是相信只要能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)900萬人以上的城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)，就有經(jīng)濟(jì)的正增長，因?yàn)橛芯蜆I(yè)就有收入，就可以帶動(dòng)消費(fèi)、拉動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)。
Last year, we faced much uncertainty in formulating macro policies. In the end, we decided not to set a numerical target for GDP growth, and with long and hard thinking, we set the target of new urban jobs at no less than nine million. Employment is the foundation of people's well-being and development. It is also a source of wealth. We said we would strive for a positive growth of China's economy for the whole year, out of the belief that if we could add no less than nine million new urban jobs, we would be able to achieve positive growth of the economy. Employment helps to generate income, boost consumption and drive economic growth.

去年，在以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央堅(jiān)強(qiáng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，經(jīng)過全國上下共同努力，我們的市場主體表現(xiàn)出堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的韌性，廣大人民共克時(shí)艱，最后實(shí)現(xiàn)了城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)1186萬人，全年經(jīng)濟(jì)增長2.3%，居民收入相應(yīng)增長，都好于預(yù)期。
Last year, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, and thanks to joint efforts made by all sides, the market entities showed great resilience, and our people faced the difficulty in solidarity.For the whole year, we added 11.86 million new urban jobs. The economy expanded by 2.3 percent. There was continued increase in household income. All these performances were better than expectations.

今年我們的就業(yè)壓力仍然很大，城鎮(zhèn)新增勞動(dòng)力約1400萬人，其中高校畢業(yè)生909萬人，創(chuàng)歷史新高，還要保障退役軍人就業(yè)，還要為兩億七八千萬農(nóng)民工提供打工的機(jī)會(huì)。所以今年我們在制定宏觀政策的時(shí)候，依然堅(jiān)持就業(yè)優(yōu)先的政策，我們繼續(xù)推動(dòng)“六穩(wěn)”、落實(shí)“六?！?，還是把就業(yè)放在首位。去年出臺(tái)的有關(guān)就業(yè)的政策舉措，不僅沒有調(diào)退，還有所增加，其他政策都要有利于就業(yè)。我們相信，通過經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定恢復(fù)增長，會(huì)帶動(dòng)更多的就業(yè)崗位，而更多的就業(yè)崗位會(huì)推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)中向好。
This year, we still face mounting pressure in employment. Some 14 million new entrants will join the labor force, including another record high of college graduates totaling 9.09 million. We also need to meet the employment needs of ex-service members, and some 270 million to 280 million rural migrant workers. We will continue to give top priority to employment in the macro policies this year. Employment will remain at the top of the "six priorities" where stability is the key and the "six areas" where protections are needed. The pro-job policies introduced last year will be kept in place, and beefed up in some respects. Other policies should also be conducive to job creation. We believe that steady economic rebound will boost employment, and expansion in employment will in turn promote steady and sound growth of the economy.

今年我們確定新增城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)的目標(biāo)是1100萬人以上，希望在實(shí)際執(zhí)行中還可以更高一點(diǎn)。我們也很明確，就業(yè)還是要讓市場來唱主角，也就是繼續(xù)通過保市場主體來保就業(yè)。一方面推動(dòng)穩(wěn)崗增崗，另一方面拓展就業(yè)渠道。去年疫情中就業(yè)方式也有新變化，像我們這幾年發(fā)展的新動(dòng)能，包括網(wǎng)購、快遞等逆勢快速增長，也帶動(dòng)了就業(yè)和傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。我們一方面要繼續(xù)鼓勵(lì)增加相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的就業(yè)崗位，也要廣開靈活就業(yè)的渠道。現(xiàn)在中國的靈活就業(yè)正在興起，已經(jīng)涉及到兩億多人。有的一人打幾份工，很辛苦，所以我們應(yīng)該給他社保補(bǔ)貼，特別是要用機(jī)制性的辦法來解決可能出現(xiàn)的職業(yè)傷害問題，給他們提供基本的權(quán)益保障。這也有利于靈活就業(yè)市場更加健康、穩(wěn)定地向前發(fā)展。
We have set the projected target of no less than 11 million new urban jobs for this year, and we hope to overfulfill it in actual implementation. In generating jobs, we will continue to enable the market to play a principal role. In other words, we will continue to promote employment by supporting market entities. We will stabilize and expand employment, and at the same time, open up new channels for job creation. During the pandemic last year, we saw some new changes in the means of employment. New drivers of growth that developed rapidly in China in recent years, including online shopping and express delivery services, showed a strong momentum of expansion despite COVID-19 impacts. They helped to boost employment and the growth of some traditional industries. We will continue to encourage the creation of stable jobs, and also promote flexible employment, which is now rapidly developing in China. About 200 million people are involved in flexible employment. Some people work several jobs, which is quite tough. The government will provide them with subsidies for social security, and introduce institutionalized methods to give them basic protections in terms of occupational injury to bolster the healthy and stable growth of flexible employment.

至于剛才記者朋友提到的老年人問題，中國老齡人口已經(jīng)有兩億六千萬，老齡產(chǎn)業(yè)也可以說是一個(gè)巨大的朝陽產(chǎn)業(yè)，它帶來了多樣化的需求。正因?yàn)橹袊袌龆鄬哟?、多樣化的需求，這樣一個(gè)廣大的市場也必然會(huì)給外國企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)乃至于投資創(chuàng)造更多機(jī)會(huì)，因?yàn)槲覀兊氖袌鍪情_放的。
As for the elderly population you referred to in your question, there are some 260 million elderly people in China. Industries related to services for elderly people are big sunrise industries as there is diverse demand among the senior population. The Chinese market is multi-tiered with diverse consumer demand. This big, open market represents great opportunities for products, services and investments from foreign companies.

中國有14億人口，勞動(dòng)力資源可以說是最豐富的資源，中國人民又能夠吃苦耐勞，只要有就業(yè)門路就會(huì)多掙。“民生在勤，勤則不匱”。我相信中國人民會(huì)用自己勤勞的雙手，來逐步邁向共同富裕。
Our country has a 1.4 billion population. The labor force remains our most abundant resource. Our people are hardworking and resilient. Whenever there is an opportunity, they will seize it and put their talent to good use. A good life hinges on diligence. With diligence, one has no fear for shortages. I believe with the hard work of our people, we will be able to achieve common prosperity over time.

西班牙埃菲社記者：美方指責(zé)中方對(duì)上月到訪武漢的世界衛(wèi)生組織專家組缺乏透明度，專家組組長指出中方同事分享了大量工作細(xì)節(jié)，同時(shí)也表示專家組希望獲得在2019年10月至12月之間與新冠肺炎疫情相似疾病病例的更多原始數(shù)據(jù)，中方是否愿提供這些數(shù)據(jù)，或者是否愿再次接待專家組訪華？
Agencia EFE: The United States has blamed China for the so-called lack of transparency to the WHO mission in Wuhan last month. The chief of the team said the Chinese counterparts shared a lot of details with them but he said they would like to have access to more raw data about earlier cases of illness similar to COVID-19 between October 2019 and December 2019. Will China provide these data and be willing to receive another mission visit?

李克強(qiáng)：新冠肺炎疫情是一起突發(fā)的全球公共衛(wèi)生事件，中方和各方一樣都希望能夠盡快查清病毒是從哪里來的，這樣有利于切斷傳播的渠道，更好更有效地來防控疫情。但疫情溯源的確是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的科學(xué)問題，需要各國加強(qiáng)合作，持續(xù)研究。中方本著實(shí)事求是、公開透明、開放合作的原則和態(tài)度，同世衛(wèi)組織保持溝通，也支持世衛(wèi)組織專家在華開展溯源研究工作。下一步我們還愿意繼續(xù)同世衛(wèi)組織一道，推動(dòng)科學(xué)溯源工作。
Premier Li: COVID-19 is a global public health contingency. Like other countries,China also hopes that we can get to the bottom of where the virus came from as early as possible. This will help us to stem the spread of the virus and make covid containment more effective. Tracing the origins of the virus is a complex science matter. It calls for closer cooperation among countries and continuous research. The Chinese side has acted in a fact-based manner and with an open, transparent and cooperative approach. China has maintained communication with the WHO and provided support to the WHO mission during its research work in China. We will continue to work with the WHO in taking work on this front forward.

當(dāng)前疫情還在全球蔓延，當(dāng)務(wù)之急不僅要溯源，還要做好各種防控工作，包括接種疫苗等。新冠病毒是人類共同的敵人，我們希望各方攜起手來，因?yàn)樵谶@樣一個(gè)人類共同的敵人面前，沒有哪個(gè)國家能夠獨(dú)善其身。我們也堅(jiān)信人類有能力最終戰(zhàn)勝這個(gè)病魔，我也希望明年我們能夠面對(duì)面進(jìn)行交流。
The virus is still spreading in many parts of the world. In addition to tracing its origins, our pressing task is to enhance COVID-19 response, including vaccine rollout. COVID-19 is a common enemy of humankind. We hope that all countries will come together to defeat this virus, for no country can do it alone. We have strong faith in the ability of humanity to prevail over the disease eventually. I also hope that next year we will be able to have the press conference face-to-face.

日本經(jīng)濟(jì)新聞?dòng)浾撸耗谡ぷ鲌?bào)告中提出2021年國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增長目標(biāo)為6%以上，目前很多國際機(jī)構(gòu)都認(rèn)為中國2021年經(jīng)濟(jì)增長有可能達(dá)到8%左右。在“十四五”開局之年，除了固定資產(chǎn)投資規(guī)模加大，還存在著由于世界性的資金過剩導(dǎo)致房地產(chǎn)投資過熱的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，現(xiàn)在中國政府采取了寬松的財(cái)政和貨幣政策。請問總理，在這樣的情況下今年是否存在宏觀政策轉(zhuǎn)為偏緊的可能性？據(jù)日本經(jīng)濟(jì)研究中心預(yù)測，中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模將于2028年超過美國，對(duì)此您有何看法？
NIKKEI: In delivering the Government Work Report, you said the Chinese government would set its GDP growth target for 2021 at above six percent. Many international institutions forecast that China's economy may well grow at about eight percent this year. In the first year of the period covered by the 14th Five-Year Plan, in addition to expanding investment in fixed assets, we are also seeing a risk of an over-heated real estate sector due to excessive liquidity worldwide. Currently the Chinese government is pursuing accommodative fiscal and monetary policies. Mr. Premier, given the aforementioned factors, is there a possibility for China to tighten its macro policies this year? According to estimates by the Japan Center on Economic Research, the size of China's economy will surpass that of the United States in 2028. What is your comment on that?

李克強(qiáng)：我注意到，我們提出6%以上的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長預(yù)期目標(biāo)，確實(shí)引起了多方面的關(guān)注，有不少分析。有的認(rèn)為是積極的，也有的認(rèn)為低于預(yù)期。我們當(dāng)然樂見經(jīng)濟(jì)向好，但是也清醒地看到，今年是在恢復(fù)性增長的基礎(chǔ)上前行，有很多不可比的因素，而且世界經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇不確定性依然很大。我們說增長6%以上，6%不低了，現(xiàn)在我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)總量達(dá)到100萬億元，增長6%就是6萬億元，這要放到“十三五”之初，需要8%以上增速才能達(dá)到。而且我們說增長6%以上是開了口子的，實(shí)際過程中也可能會(huì)增長得更高一點(diǎn)。但是我們不是在定計(jì)劃，是引導(dǎo)預(yù)期，希望把預(yù)期引導(dǎo)到鞏固經(jīng)濟(jì)恢復(fù)增長基礎(chǔ)，推動(dòng)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，保持可持續(xù)性，尤其是和明年、后年的目標(biāo)相銜接，不能造成大起大落，否則會(huì)擾亂市場的預(yù)期。一時(shí)走得快不一定走得穩(wěn)，只有走得穩(wěn)才能走得有力。我們還是希望中國這樣一個(gè)巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)體，經(jīng)濟(jì)能夠行穩(wěn)致遠(yuǎn)，保持長期向好。
Premier Li: I have taken note of the much attention paid to China's above six percent of GDP growth target, and the much analysis about it. Some people believe it is positive whereas some say it is below expectation. We would certainly be happy to see robust growth, but we are also keenly aware that the economy has just recovered and there are many incomparable factors this year. What's more, there is also great uncertainty in global economic recovery. A six percent GDP growth target is not a low target. China's GDP has reached 100 trillion RMB yuan. A six percent growth rate means adding an output of six trillion RMB yuan, which is equivalent to the amount generated by an over eight percent growth rate at the start of the 13th Five-Year Plan period. Moreover, by setting the GDP growth target at above six percent, we have left possibilities open, which means in actual delivery, there may be even faster growth. A projected target is not something set in stone. It intends to guide expectations. We will further consolidate the foundation of economic recovery, promote high quality development and make our development truly sustainable. This target should also be aligned with what we can accomplish next year and the year after next. We must avert wild swings in economic performance which will de-anchor market expectations. A growth too fast will not be a steady one. We need a steady pace to sustain China's development. What we hope for such a big economy as China's is sustained and sound growth for the long term.

去年面對(duì)罕見的巨大沖擊，我們及時(shí)果斷采取措施，但也保持定力，沒有搞“大水漫灌”。我們新增財(cái)政資金規(guī)模2萬億元，絕大部分都是用于市場主體和民生急需，主要是減稅降費(fèi)、?；久裆也扇×酥边_(dá)機(jī)制，就是把這些“救命錢”最快7天時(shí)間直達(dá)基層，來保證基層減稅降費(fèi)、穩(wěn)崗等財(cái)力，很快就見到效果。如果我們當(dāng)時(shí)重點(diǎn)考慮上大項(xiàng)目、搞大產(chǎn)業(yè)，這不是不需要，但這要經(jīng)過論證還要考慮市場需求，時(shí)間恐怕得200天以上，就不是僅僅一周時(shí)間了。錯(cuò)過了時(shí)間，企業(yè)可能會(huì)大批倒閉。我記得去年在記者會(huì)上，也有記者提出中國政府采取的政策規(guī)模和力度是不是偏小了。我們是把“肥”施到根子上，政策打到點(diǎn)子上，所以起效快、有作用?，F(xiàn)在看，這個(gè)規(guī)模、力度是合理的，準(zhǔn)備的儲(chǔ)備政策后來也沒有用。
In the face of unprecedented severe shocks last year, we acted in a prompt, decisive and focused manner. We did not flood China's economy with massive liquidity. The increased fiscal funds totaling two trillion yuan were mostly used to support market entities and people's well-being by making tax and fee cuts and meeting basic living needs. We devised a new mechanism to directly allocate those funds to primary-level governments, so that such "lifeline support" can reach them in as short as seven days and local governments would have enough fiscal resources for tax and fee cuts and job retention. These measures worked effectively and efficiently. We did have another option of channeling the funds to big projects or emerging sectors, which we also need. But that would take a lot of time for feasibility study and market demand analysis, probably as many as 200 days before a project is launched. It is way longer than seven days. So we did not go for that option. Because it would be too late when the money could reach market entities; by that time, many companies would have gone bankrupt. I recall that at last year's press conference, I was asked by a journalist whether the scale and intensity of our policy support was too modest. We believe that for fertilizer to work, it must go all the way to the root of plants. Hence we decided to act where policies were most needed and they proved to be effective and efficient. The scale and intensity were just right so we didn't have to resort to policy instruments in reserve.

去年我們沒有搞寬松政策，或者說所謂量化寬松，今年也就沒有必要“急轉(zhuǎn)彎”，還是要保持政策的連續(xù)性和可持續(xù)性，著力穩(wěn)固經(jīng)濟(jì)，推動(dòng)向好。保持經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行在合理區(qū)間，還是要注重把“肥”施在根上，現(xiàn)在市場主體特別是中小微企業(yè)還在恢復(fù)元?dú)庵?。由于?jīng)濟(jì)恢復(fù)增長，我們要合理調(diào)整政策，但調(diào)整是適度的，有些階段性政策退了，同時(shí)又用一些結(jié)構(gòu)性減稅降費(fèi)政策來沖抵影響，保持保就業(yè)、保民生、保市場主體的力度不減。
We didn't use quantitative easing last year. So this year there is no need for sudden shifts in our policies. We will maintain the consistency and sustainability of the policies with a focus on solidifying the positive momentum of economic rebound. In keeping major economic indicators within an appropriate range, we must continue to support market entities, especially those smaller firms who are just recovering from COVID-19-induced shocks, just as ensuring that fertilizer goes right to the root of plants. As economic rebound firms, we will make proper adjustments to some policies introduced last year. Some temporary measures may be unwound, but we will introduce new structural tax and fee cut policies to offset the impact of their drawdown. Our support for employment, people's well-being, and market entities will remain undiminished.

怎樣保持力度不減？資金規(guī)模固然很重要，但用好錢更重要，我們?nèi)ツ旰暧^調(diào)控積累的經(jīng)驗(yàn)還可以繼續(xù)用。比如在財(cái)政金融方面，簡單地說，就是要“一減、一增、一穩(wěn)中有降”?！耙粶p”，就是減少中央政府本級(jí)支出，各級(jí)政府都要帶頭過緊日子；“一增”，就是擴(kuò)大直達(dá)資金范圍，讓基層和市場主體感到政策支持力度不減，這樣能夠更快更有效地惠企利民；“一穩(wěn)中有降”，就是在穩(wěn)定杠桿率的同時(shí)，引導(dǎo)金融企業(yè)合理讓利，使中小微企業(yè)融資更便利、融資成本穩(wěn)中有降。當(dāng)然，我們對(duì)各類風(fēng)險(xiǎn)隱患，也會(huì)及時(shí)防范化解。
How will we keep up the support intensity? The amount of fiscal funds does matter, but what matters more is how the money is used. We will draw upon the good experience gained from macroeconomic regulation last year. In terms of fiscal support, we will make further reductions in central government expenditures. Governments at all levels must live on a tight budget. We will increase the coverage of directly allocated fiscal funds to better support primary-level governments in helping market entities and people in need. In terms of financial support, while maintaining stability in overall leverage ratio, we will continue to encourage financial institutions to make reasonable interest concessions, so that financing will become more accessible and affordable for smaller firms. In the meantime, we will guard against and defuse various types of risks.

中國發(fā)展的根本目的是要讓中國人民過上好日子，中國還是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家，實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化還有很長的路要走。我們會(huì)立足于著力辦好自己的事。中國的發(fā)展對(duì)世界和平穩(wěn)定、繁榮發(fā)展都是重要貢獻(xiàn)。
The fundamental purpose of China's development is to enable the Chinese people to lead a better life. Our country is still a developing one and there is still a long way to go before we can achieve modernization. We will continue to focus on running our own affairs well. China's development will be a major contribution to world peace, stability, development and prosperity.