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Hydroponically cultivated strawberries are harvested inShangjie, a village in Lingchuan county, the GuangxiZhuang autonomous region, in April. Scientific andtechnological authorities in Guangxi used a special 1.5million yuan ($245,000) fund to support hydroculture in thevillage after a water shortage. Photo by Lu Boan / Xinhua For Bai Qiangguo, 53, life on the wind-blown plains of central NingxiaHui autonomous region was like being frozen in time: the use ofexcessive pesticides and fertilizers to farm the reluctant land took itstoll on the little fertility there is in the soil. The land became sandierand sandier, increasingly prone to dust storms. But science is bringing the cycle to an end and giving farmers aharvest for the future. "Now I work on the land during the day, and use the Internet to sellmy wolfberries in the evening," Bai Qiangguo said. "I never thought Iwould have anything to do with high technology." Bai and the other farmers who benefited from wolfberry plantingtechnology in Ningxia are only a part of a much more ambitious planof the government to boost agriculture through technology. "If we bring technology into agriculture in the Ningxia Hui autonomousregion, one of the country's poorest rural regions, we can do it in anyregion in China," Zhang Laiwu, vice-minister of science and technology, told China Daily. This does not mean just adding new technology into crop planting, or to replacing labor withmachines. Instead, it is a more complex systematic reform: farmers working in commercialized farms, usinghigh-tech equipment to improve both production and quality of the crop. On top of this, theentire community will benefit through the processing industry, logistics, and financial servicessystem. The result will be that skilled talent will be attracted to agriculture. "The essential factors in traditional agriculture include land, natural resources, like water andlabor. But now we will integrate new productive factors like technology, modern managementtheory and social services," he said. Although the methods of industrial agriculture, such as techniques for achieving economies ofscale in production, are common in developed economies and increasingly prevalentworldwide, China's agriculture remained "old-fashioned", Zhang said. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, the per capita disposable income of urbanresidents was 21,810 yuan ($3,520) in 2011, three times the rural per capita income of 6,977yuan in the same year. "The gap is much larger than the global average," Zhang said. To make things worse, more and more farmers are leaving their land for the cities, causinglabor shortages in rural areas. In 2012, China had 262.61 million migrant workers, according tothe bureau. "The most important thing is to train farmers who are capable of making money fromagriculture," Zhang said. Between 2009 and 2012, the ministry sent 240,800 science and technology specialists to ruralregions. Zhang Shengming, 48, was one. In 2007, Zhang contracted 13.3 hectares of land in Ningxia for wolfberry plating. He found that pesticide and fertilizer abuse was common. Zhang established a group of farmers who set strict restrictions on the use of pesticide andfertilizers. It soon attracted 537 households. By 2012, the number of households planting wolfberries in the town had increased from 80 (in2007) to 1,050, producing a yearly income of 6,350 yuan per person. The specialists, distributed in 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, set up8,401 agriculture-related businesses by the end of 2011, covering 57.56 million people in ruralareas. They managed to achieve 2.68 billion yuan in profit, according to the Ministry of Science andTechnology. Zhang also launched projects to build agricultural science and technology parks nationwide. Since 2001, 73 agricultural science and technology parks have been built, and these help trainfarmers in the most modern and productive methods of farming. "The parks are like the headquarters of our agriculture industry - they combine each link on theindustrial chain, from R&D to products, and cultivate more agricultural talent for us," Zhangsaid. The National Agricultural Science and Technology Zone of the Yellow River Delta (Bin Zhou),located in Shandong province, is an example for the integration of technology and agriculture. In April, four digital "jackstraws" were installed on an experimental plot in the zone. The"jackstraw", a robot based on the Internet of Things technology, inspects the status of cropsand sends the information back to the user's cellphone. "This means you can sit in your couch and farm the field via your cellphone," Zhang said. |
對于53歲的白強國來說，時間似乎凝固在寧夏平原上：農(nóng)民們?yōu)榱嗣銖姸热?，在本就貧瘠的土地上施用大量的農(nóng)藥和化肥，年復(fù)一年，這種耕種方式又反過來使得土地更加貧瘠。 直到十年前，這里生活的人們還一代代地重復(fù)著這樣低效率的勞作，直到科學(xué)的枸杞種植技術(shù)和嚴格的用藥制度傳到了這里，使村民的生活出現(xiàn)了新的改變。 “現(xiàn)在我白天在田里種地，晚上回家上網(wǎng)銷售我地里的枸杞，”白強國說，“原來我從沒想過，我還能和高科技的東西沾邊。但是現(xiàn)在我卻每天都在應(yīng)用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，這真是太奇妙了！” 然而，不僅是白強國，甚至包括寧夏所有像他一樣享受到科學(xué)種植技術(shù)的好處的農(nóng)民，都僅僅是我國實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)全盤計劃中的一小部分。 “既然我們能把現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)帶到寧夏，那么全國還有什么地方是我們做不到的嗎？”中華人民共和國科學(xué)技術(shù)部副部長張來武在接受中國日報專訪的時候說。 在張來武眼中，現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)可不僅僅是在作物培育中應(yīng)用新技術(shù)，或是以機械代替人工勞動那么簡單。相反，現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)“不是傳統(tǒng)的第一產(chǎn)業(yè)概念，而是以現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)引領(lǐng)的一、二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)的有機結(jié)合體，”張來武說。 “不僅做一產(chǎn)，還要做二產(chǎn)、還要做三產(chǎn)，用現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)引領(lǐng)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)。原來有微笑曲線的兩端，高附加值的兩端在背后，這邊抓產(chǎn)品研發(fā)，這邊抓市場品牌，現(xiàn)代物流配送，找金融，市場信息手段，都是微笑曲線的兩端，干了就賺錢，”他說。 張來武強調(diào)，隨著從傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)向現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的快速轉(zhuǎn)型，農(nóng)業(yè)的核心要素將由土地、水等自然資源，轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榭萍歼M步和人力資本；是以科技等現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)要素的綜合投入為基礎(chǔ)，以現(xiàn)代物質(zhì)條件、工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)手段和先進科學(xué)技術(shù)為支撐，以社會化的服務(wù)體系相配套，用現(xiàn)代經(jīng)營方式和組織形式進行管理的“產(chǎn)業(yè)化大農(nóng)業(yè)”。 農(nóng)業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)化，在世界范圍內(nèi)，是隨著18世紀末英國工業(yè)革命而誕生的。在產(chǎn)業(yè)化農(nóng)業(yè)中，無論是農(nóng)作物還是牲畜、家禽、漁業(yè)，都以工業(yè)化的方式生產(chǎn)和銷售。同時，產(chǎn)業(yè)化農(nóng)業(yè)還擁有一系列的輔助手段，比如形成規(guī)模效應(yīng)的經(jīng)濟工具等。 “改革開放30多年來，我國農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)村發(fā)展取得了舉世矚目的成就。但由于歷史原因，農(nóng)村發(fā)展滯后于城市的狀況仍然沒有得到根本改變，城鄉(xiāng)二元結(jié)構(gòu)依然存在，城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展差距仍在擴大，”張來武說。 據(jù)國家統(tǒng)計局發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)，2011年城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入(21,810元)是農(nóng)村居民人均純收入(6,977元)的3倍多，遠高于世界平均水平。“未來30年，我國面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)就是如何破解城鄉(xiāng)二元結(jié)構(gòu)，”張來武說。 隨著城鄉(xiāng)二元結(jié)構(gòu)的差距不斷擴大，越來越多的農(nóng)業(yè)人口離開自己的土地，到城鎮(zhèn)里生活，造成了農(nóng)村地區(qū)的相對勞動力短缺。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，2012年我國已經(jīng)有26261萬農(nóng)民工。 “傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)是以小生產(chǎn)為特征的‘小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟’，以原材料和低端加工為主，科技含量少、規(guī)模小、商品率低。只有用現(xiàn)代經(jīng)營方式和組織形式進行管理的‘大農(nóng)業(yè)’，才能貫穿了第一、第二、第三產(chǎn)業(yè)，形成較高的利潤率，”張來武說。 要搞現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)，首先就要有人，有專業(yè)從事農(nóng)業(yè)的職業(yè)農(nóng)民，而科技部、農(nóng)業(yè)部、教育部等九個部委一起抓的農(nóng)村科技特派員項目就為中國培養(yǎng)了第一批職業(yè)農(nóng)民。 截至2011年底，全國科技特派員隊伍已達24.08萬人，法人科技特派員7298家，比上一年增長了57%。 張生明就是全國24萬科技特派員中的一名。2007年寧夏回族自治區(qū)西夏區(qū)政府將團結(jié)村確定為萬畝有機枸杞種植基地，張生明承包種植精品園200畝，發(fā)揮有機枸杞種植的示范作用，帶動了全鎮(zhèn)萬畝有機枸杞生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展，為農(nóng)民增收打下堅實的基礎(chǔ)。張生明發(fā)現(xiàn)，當?shù)罔坭椒N植戶較為分散，且過量施用農(nóng)藥和化肥的情況非常普遍。于是，在張生明的大力倡導(dǎo)下，組織村民自發(fā)成立了枸杞種植專業(yè)合作社，主要從枸杞種植、收購、儲藏、加工、銷售、新技術(shù)推廣、咨詢服務(wù)等方面進行管理，吸引了537名社員。 通過提高枸杞的品質(zhì)，使得枸杞的售價大幅提高，全鎮(zhèn)枸杞種植戶由過去的80多戶發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在的1050戶，其中團結(jié)村537戶，種植面積達到5000余畝，直接經(jīng)濟效益年產(chǎn)值2600萬元，凈利潤1800萬元。直接受益人數(shù)2400余人，間接受益人數(shù)6780人，枸杞收入占農(nóng)民人均收入的70℅，年節(jié)約成本資金220多萬元。農(nóng)民人均純收入從2006年的1758元提高到2012年的6350元。 “這是我們農(nóng)村特派員的一個好例子，現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)需要培養(yǎng)職業(yè)農(nóng)民。改造傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)，提高勞動生產(chǎn)率，最直接、最有效的途徑就是依靠科技提高勞動者綜合素質(zhì)，培養(yǎng)一批職業(yè)化的現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)大軍，”張來武說。 截止2011年底，全國有31個省(區(qū)市)開展了科技特派員農(nóng)村創(chuàng)業(yè)工作，組建利益共同體1.6萬個，創(chuàng)辦企業(yè)8401家，其中龍頭企業(yè)2642家，實施科技開發(fā)項目2.48萬項，直接參與農(nóng)戶446萬戶，輻射帶動農(nóng)民5756萬，創(chuàng)業(yè)獲利26.8億元。 此外，國家還大力推進國家農(nóng)業(yè)科技園區(qū)建設(shè)，帶動不同區(qū)域現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。2001年科技部會同農(nóng)業(yè)部、水利部、國家林業(yè)局、中國科學(xué)院、中國農(nóng)業(yè)銀行等開始國家農(nóng)業(yè)科技園區(qū)建設(shè)。截止目前，全國已經(jīng)建立了73個國家農(nóng)業(yè)科技園區(qū)。2012年全國農(nóng)業(yè)科技園區(qū)核心區(qū)建成面積300多萬畝，園區(qū)各類融資總額達到1880多億元，入住園區(qū)企業(yè)總數(shù)6218家。園區(qū)實現(xiàn)年產(chǎn)值近3000億元，組織科普講座培訓(xùn)工作超過1萬次，轉(zhuǎn)化科技成果近1000項，受益農(nóng)民100多萬人。 “我們要把這種園區(qū)作為一個抓手，使得我們的服務(wù)基地，信息化總部，產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的聚集，企業(yè)家的培育都在這里產(chǎn)生著聚集效益，”張來武說。 比如，黃河三角洲(濱州)國家農(nóng)業(yè)科技園區(qū)就為市場運作、成果轉(zhuǎn)化上搭建了良好的平臺。今年4月，在無棣縣柳堡鎮(zhèn)“渤海糧倉”核心試驗區(qū)內(nèi)，與風(fēng)力發(fā)電相類似的四座設(shè)備坐落其中，它被稱作“智慧稻草人”。這些“稻草人”通過物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)實現(xiàn)對農(nóng)作物生長環(huán)境綜合信息進行智能監(jiān)測，是集農(nóng)作物種植環(huán)境信息數(shù)據(jù)采集、存儲、傳輸和管理于一體的無人值守的農(nóng)業(yè)綜合信息智能監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)。 “有了這些智慧稻草人，未來的農(nóng)民只需要坐在自己家里的沙發(fā)上，通過手機監(jiān)控，就可以知道田地里作物的情況了，”張來武說。 “既然我們說，農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化是系統(tǒng)設(shè)計，那么，科技部當然是承擔(dān)這個系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的主管部門，維護這個系統(tǒng)，支持這個系統(tǒng)的政策制訂部門，”張來武說。 “我們將利用國家的資源，科技計劃，政策資源，去發(fā)現(xiàn)，去支持企業(yè)家們，甚至于職業(yè)農(nóng)民們在市場競爭中產(chǎn)生的創(chuàng)造。這種創(chuàng)造加以協(xié)調(diào)，加以認可，加以推廣，加以發(fā)揚光大，這是最重要的使命。要謙虛的走進市場一線，走進職業(yè)農(nóng)民中間，去看看我們能為他們做點什么?！?/p> （中國日報記者程盈琪編譯） |
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