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中國的事物,怎么樣才能用英語表達(dá)清楚,讓西方人能夠理解,一向被認(rèn)為是一件很難的事情,以至于在我國的許多領(lǐng)域,英語應(yīng)用出現(xiàn)了大量低級(jí)錯(cuò)誤,比如說公共場所各類標(biāo)識(shí)的英語譯文錯(cuò)誤,現(xiàn)在已引起廣泛關(guān)注并最終促成了多個(gè)公共場所英文譯寫規(guī)范的地方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的出臺(tái)以及公共服務(wù)領(lǐng)域外文譯寫規(guī)范國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的研制工作啟動(dòng)。同樣的問題,也大量出現(xiàn)我國的城市外語服務(wù)載體之中,如英文類報(bào)刊、英文類電視節(jié)目以及英文類官方網(wǎng)站等等。
筆者之所以寫就如此一番開場白,是因?yàn)樵谶@方面關(guān)注頗多,并且經(jīng)常感慨多多。不久前,筆者看到某城市的日?qǐng)?bào)上刊登的一則英語新聞,內(nèi)容是說該市的出租車起步價(jià)將要上調(diào),沒想到該文的譯者(因?yàn)樵撚⒄Z新聞報(bào)道就是根據(jù)同內(nèi)容的中文新聞報(bào)道轉(zhuǎn)譯的)把“起步價(jià)”逐字翻譯成了pace-starting price,讓人很是咋舌,因?yàn)檫@一說法很不地道和專業(yè)。
由此,筆者也產(chǎn)生了好奇心,試圖通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜索探究“起步價(jià)”這一在我們聽來耳熟能詳?shù)恼f法,在英語里究竟用的什么地道表達(dá)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),base price,flag fall 和flag-down fare等詞語屬于在相關(guān)國家和地區(qū)最貼近的說法。請(qǐng)看美國媒體的以下報(bào)道:
Washington (CNN) -- Passengers hailing cabs in Chicago starting Sunday may want to read the fine print on the taxi placards before they get in. In addition to the base fare, cab drivers for the first time can charge sick passengers a $50 vomit cleanup fee.
上述內(nèi)容是美國CNN2012年6月12日的一則新聞報(bào)道,說的是芝加哥的出租車將對(duì)租用出租車時(shí)在車上因?yàn)闀炣嚩鴩I吐的乘客征收50美元一次的嘔吐清潔費(fèi)。其中的In addition to the base fare就是“除了起步價(jià)之外”的意思,也就是說,除了起步價(jià),乘客若在車上嘔吐,將支付額外的清潔費(fèi)。以下是芝加哥的出租車上張貼的各類收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)說明以及對(duì)乘客告知的各類權(quán)利和義務(wù)。
同樣,美國紐約的餐飲、時(shí)尚和夜生活指南雜志New York Magazine也有一則關(guān)于出租車起步價(jià)調(diào)價(jià)的報(bào)道:
But on May 3, our relationship with cabs will change. The base fare is going up to $2.50 from $2. Every tick of the meter (one-fifth of a mile) will cost 40 cents, up a dime. A trip to JFK from Manhattan will run $45, an increase of $10.
不過,該雜志的這篇報(bào)道在結(jié)尾部分對(duì)該市調(diào)價(jià)之后的出租車收費(fèi)情況作了一個(gè)總結(jié),對(duì)“起步價(jià)”則使用了另外一個(gè)更加通俗易懂的表達(dá)initial charge:
NEW FARE STRUCTURE, MAY 3
Initial charge: $2.50
(was $2)
Mileage: 40 cents per 1/5 mile
(was 30 cents)
Waiting charge: 40 cents per 120 seconds
(was 30 cents per 90 seconds)
JFK flat fare: $45
(was $35)
Newark surcharge: $15
(was $10)
4 p.m.–8 p.m. weekday
Surcharge: $1
(new charge)
美國新興的私家車搭乘服務(wù)商UBER在其收費(fèi)說明中也使用了base fare這一說法:
Pricing |
|
|
|
Base Fare |
$5.75 |
$8.00 |
$15.00 |
Per Mile in SF |
$3.75 |
$4.90 |
$5.25 |
Per Mile Outside SF |
$3.75 |
$3.25 |
$3.50 |
Per Minute |
$0.85 |
$1.25 |
$1.35 |
Minimum Fare |
$10.00 |
$15.00 |
$25.00 |
Cancellation Fee |
$10.00 |
$10.00 |
$10.00 |
? 在澳大利亞,出租車的“起步價(jià)”通常使用flag fall 或flagfall,維基百科就有如下說明:Flagfall or flag fall is common Australian expression for a fixed start fee, especially in the haulage and railroad industry. The origin is a taxi expression for the minimum charge for hiring a taxi, to which the rate per kilometer or mile is then added.
? 澳大利亞新南威爾士州交通局官網(wǎng)一則關(guān)于本地出租車從2012年7月22日開始調(diào)價(jià)的通知中,出現(xiàn)了以下相關(guān)詞語:起步價(jià)(flag fall),公里價(jià)(distance rate),夜間營業(yè)額外收費(fèi)(night-time surcharge),訂車費(fèi)(booking fee)等等。
Flag Fall |
$3.50 |
Distance Rate |
$2.14 per kilometer |
Night-time Surcharge |
A surcharge of 20% of the Distance Rate in respect of a journey commencing between 10 pm and 6 am daily |
Booking Fee |
$2.40 |
Waiting Time |
$55.30 per hour (92.1c per minute) while vehicle speed is less than 26 km/h |
Tolls |
All road, bridge, ferry, tunnel and airport tolls that apply to the journey, and the return toll for a northbound journey over the Sydney Harbour Bridge or through the Sydney Harbour Tunnel (at the time of crossing) |
Multiple Hirings |
75% of the maximum fare per passenger, for a multiple hiring: · Agreed to with the consent of the driver and all hirers · All hirers commence journey at the same time and travel to destinations in same general direction |
Sharing a taxi |
100% of the maximum fare paid by the hirer - even if the hirer requires the driver to permit other passengers to share the taxi or to drive to other destinations before driving to the hirer's destination. |
關(guān)于Flag-fall 這一說法,已有被我國媒體援引的先例,如海南省三亞市關(guān)于出租車資費(fèi)漲價(jià)的新聞報(bào)道:According to the results of the fare-adjustment hearing, Sanya will introduce a new taxi flag-fall fare starting September 1st, 2011.
Flag-down fare/rate這一說法則在新加坡和香港等亞洲以英語為工作語言的國家比較常用,如新加坡公共交通官網(wǎng)的一則服務(wù)介紹中關(guān)于出租車資費(fèi)的說明:Taxi fares are charged by the taxi meter and are based on a flag down rate and the distance traveled. The flag down rate ranges from S$3.00 to S$5.00 (depending on type of taxi). 以下是具體的資費(fèi)收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)說明:
Component |
Meter fare |
|||||
Comfort / CityCab |
TransCab |
SMRT |
Premier |
Prime |
Smart |
|
Flag-down Fare (1st km)
|
$3.00 to $5.00 |
|||||
Distance Fare |
22 cents every 400 metres (above 1 km - 10 km)* 22 cents every 350 metres (beyond 10 km)* |
|||||
Waiting Time |
22 cents every 45 seconds * |
新加坡出租車官網(wǎng)也有類似內(nèi)容的介紹:In Singapore, taxi cab fares must be charged by the taxi meter and are based on a flag down rate and the distance traveled. The flag down rate ranges from S$3.00 to S$5.00 (depending on the type of taxi).
香港某網(wǎng)站關(guān)于本地出租車資費(fèi)的介紹也使用了flag-down fare這一說法:The red taxi could run around the whole Hong Kong only except Lanta. The flag down fare is HKD 15 for the first 2 kilometers and HKD 1.4/0.2 km will be charged thereafter. In addition, the waiting time fee may be added as HKD1.2/minute and HKD 4 of big luggage fee be charged. 不過,在另一網(wǎng)站關(guān)于香港地鐵的介紹中,則出現(xiàn)了base fare:The base fare for a one-way ticket is $4 HKD (about $0.52 USD) and quickly increases depending on the distance traveled.由此看來,在香港,關(guān)于公共交通工具的“起步價(jià)”,flag-down fare 和base fare都是很常用的。
其實(shí),flag down 不僅用作名詞,表示出租車的起步價(jià),它還可以用作動(dòng)詞,表示“招手截?!背鲎廛嚕╯ignal to stop),有時(shí)候也可以單獨(dú)使用flag,這可是值得我國英語學(xué)習(xí)者牢記在心的一個(gè)地道表達(dá),例如:
1. In downtown Hong Kong and the Kowloon Peninsula, taxis are easy to flag down from the street. In other areas, you should call the taxi dispatch to request one.
2. Taxis in Hong Kong abound but are difficult to flag down during rush hours and when it rains. Make sure that you flag taxis in the stop zones. You can easily recognize the no-stopping zones by a yellow line on the curb of the road.
3. Taxis are everywhere in Hong Kong and very easy to find or flag down.
筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),關(guān)于“招手截?!背鲎廛?,我國的英語學(xué)習(xí)者基本上只會(huì)使用“stop”這一單詞,其語境和語用與地道表達(dá)相去甚遠(yuǎn)。除了上面說到的flag down,另一說法是hail,例如:If this is about seeing a vacant taxi on a street and asking the driver to stop for you, "hail a taxi" is what one would say in AE. If you mean something else, please be more specific. 該網(wǎng)站更加具體的說明是:to hail a taxi -- which is to make a gesture (raising your arm) to get a taxi to stop。如果你有急事需要求助,招手示意其他車輛停下來,也是flag down,例如:
1. I flagged down a passing car to ask for help.
2. Let's flag down a cab--it's starting to rain.
3. The policeman flagged down our car.
無論是flag down 還是flag fall,關(guān)于出租車“起步價(jià)”在英語中的地道表達(dá),都離不開一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞flag。那么,這里的flag又是什么意思呢?是我們通常理解的“旗幟”嗎?百度詞典對(duì)flag down 的解釋是“打旗號(hào)使停下”,貌似“打旗語”的意思。但根據(jù)筆者的查證,這里的flag和“旗語”似乎無關(guān),而是來自早期的出租車營運(yùn)方式,那時(shí)候的出租車?yán)镉幸粋€(gè)類似旗幟的操作桿,如果是空車,這個(gè)操作桿是豎著的,而如果乘客進(jìn)入車內(nèi),這個(gè)操作桿就被放倒了(down/fall),出租車開始計(jì)費(fèi),此乃flag down/fall也。維基百科關(guān)于flag fall的解釋提供了詳細(xì)的說明:The origin is a taxi expression for the minimum charge for hiring a taxi, to which the rate per kilometer or mile is then added. It dates back to the old mechanical taximeters, which were equipped with a flag-like lever that could be seen from outside the cab. When the "flag" was up and visible, the cab was not occupied. When a passenger stepped in, the driver turned the lever down - the "flag fall" - and the taximeter started counting.
王銀泉,江蘇蘇州人,博士,英語專業(yè)教授,碩士生導(dǎo)師,2007年4月入選為江蘇省“333高層次人才培養(yǎng)工程”首批中青年科學(xué)技術(shù)帶頭人,1997年10月至1998年10月留學(xué)加拿大渥太華大學(xué)第二語言學(xué)院。曾赴英、美、印尼和馬來西亞進(jìn)行學(xué)術(shù)訪問。迄今為止已在《外語教學(xué)與研究》和《中國翻譯》等核心刊物上發(fā)表論文40余篇,其中CSSCI來源期刊文章18篇。出版著作和編著譯著類圖書9部。獲省部級(jí)獎(jiǎng)3項(xiàng)。擔(dān)任《中國日?qǐng)?bào)》網(wǎng)站專欄作家;江蘇省廣播電視總臺(tái)國際頻道英語外宣節(jié)目《揚(yáng)子新聞》首席語言顧問。國內(nèi)知名公示語翻譯研究專家,“王教授公示語翻譯研究”專欄系列論文引起媒體高度重視并由央視“馬斌讀報(bào)”欄目、《中國青年報(bào)》及江蘇省和南京市多家媒體報(bào)道。1994年起業(yè)余從事國際新聞報(bào)道編譯工作,發(fā)表各類國際新聞編譯稿1000萬字以上。
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(作者王銀泉 中國日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng)英語點(diǎn)津 編輯陳丹妮)
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